• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.25-38
• /
• 2009

The Gyeongju Seokbinggo (Treasure No. 66) is an ice-storing stone warehouse, consisting mainly of alkaligranite which shows milky white color and medium-grained textures with drusy cavities. As results of deterioration assessment, the deterioration rates were determined as crack (12.5%), disjoining (6.7%), breaking-out (25.1%), exfoliation (20.9%), efflorescence (6.5%), brown discoloration (9.8%), darkgray discoloration (2.0%) and biological discoloration (36.5%). Comprehensive physical deterioration rate and discoloration rate were calculated as 43.7% and 68.7%, respectively, that indicates the Seokbinggo has been severely weathered. Indoor relative humidity was above 90% except in winter season. Indoor microclimate was hardly fluctuating although indoor microclimate was dependent on the outdoor climate. The main cause of deterioration was high relative humidity and a long time of wetness due to penetration of rain, underground water and condensation. It was identified that the water brought out biological discoloration, dissolution of minerals, structural movement and efflorescence, and the dust from the ground soil in front of the entrance accelerated brown and dark gray discoloration on the stone surface.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2007

Global fates of polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) were investigated with a fugacity based multimedia transport and fate model, Globe-POP(persistent organic pollutant). The accumulation of PCB was directly affected by the emission patterns of PCB into the atmosphere and surface areas of environmental compartments. Partition coefficients and reaction rates also influenced on the accumulation patterns of PCB. The emission patterns of PCB in 10 climate zones were consistent for the past 70 years, while the contribution of PCB in high-latitude zones to the globe has increased by cold condensation. Considering the amounts of emission and accumulation of PCB, the North temperature zone is regarded as an important source and sink of PCB. Meanwhile, in spite of no significant sources, POPs accumulate in Antarctic environments mainly due to extremely low temperature. Finally we suggested that a global water balance accounting for snow/ice should be incorporated into multimedia environmental models for high-latitude zones and polar regions with the seasonal snow pack and/or permanent ice caps. The modified model will be useful to evaluate the influence of climate change on the fate of POPs.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2012

The objective of the present study is to provide data needed to find double covering method to be able to improve environment of temperature, humidity and PPF in tomato greenhouse. The distribution charts of temperature, humidity and PPF which were measured in environment control conditions such as thermal insulation, air heating, roof ventilation and air fog cooling in conventional and air inflated double layers greenhouses were drawn and analysed. The thermal insulation effect of the air inflated greenhouse was the same as that of conventional greenhouse because the temperature between insulation curtain and roof covering material was equal in heating season. The ventilation effect of the air inflated greenhouse was superior to the conventional greenhouse. The temperature distribution in the fog cooled greenhouse was uniform and the cooling effect was about $3.5^{\circ}C$. The condensation on the roof covering surface could be controlled by removing the moisture between insulation curtain and roof covering by using humidifier. The PPF of conventional greenhouse was more decreased than the air inflated greenhouse as time went by because the transmittance of conventional greenhouse declined by dust collected on the inside plastic film owing to rolling up and down operation for ventilation.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.120-128
• /
• 2008

The death ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/ Apo1L is a cytokine that activates apoptosis through cell surface death receptors. TRAIL has sparked growing interest in oncology due to its reported ability to selectively trigger cancer cell death. Euphorbiae humifusae Wind has been used in traditional Oriental medicine as a folk remedy used for the treatment of cancer. However, the mechanism responsible for the anticancer effects of E. humifusae not clearly understood. Here, we show that treatment with subtoxic doses of water extract of E. humifusae (WEEH) in combination with TRAIL induces apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant human gastric carcinoma AGS cells. Combined treatment with WEEH and TRAIL induced chromatin condensation and sub-G1 phase DNA content. These indicators of apoptosis were correlated with the induction of caspase activity that resulted in the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Combined treatment also triggered the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, co-treatment with WEEH and TRAIL down-regulated the protein levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP and cIAP-1. Although more study will be needed to examine the detailed mechanisms, this combined treatment may offer an attractive strategy for safely treating gastric adenocarcinomas and the results provide important new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms of the anticancer activity of E. humifusae.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.166-179
• /
• 1999

Apical sealing is essential for the success of surgical endodontic treatment. Root-end cavity is apt to be contaminated with moisture or blood, and is not always easy to be dried completely. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of dry methods of retrocavity on the apical seal in endodontic surgery. Apical seal was investigated through the evaluation of apical leakage and adaptation of filling material over the cavity wall. To investigate the influence of various dry methods on the apical leakage, 125 palatal roots of extracted human maxillary molar teeth were used. The clinical crown of each tooth was removed at 10 mm from the root apex using a slow-speed diamond saw and water spray. Root canals of the all the specimens were prepared with step-back technique and filled with gutta-percha by lateral condensation method. After removing of the coronal 2 mm of filling material, the access cavities were closed with Cavit$^{(R)}$. Two coats of nail polish were applied to the external surface of each root. Apical three millimeters of each root was resected perpendicular to the long axis of the root with a diamond saw. Class I retrograde cavities were prepared with ultrasonic instruments. Retrocavities were washed with physiologic saline solution and dried with various methods or contaminated with human blood. Retrocavities were filled either with IRM, Super EBA or composite resin. All the specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 7 days in an incubator at $37^{\circ}C$. The teeth were dissolved in 14 ml of 35% nitric acid solution and the dye present within the root canal system was returned to solution. The leakage of dye was quantitatively measured via spectrophotometric method. The obtained data were analysed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. To evaluate the influence of various dry methods on the adaptation of filling material over the cavity wall, 12 palatal roots of extracted human maxillary molar teeth were used. After all the roots were prepared and filled, and retrograde cavities were made and filled as above, roots were sectioned longitudinally. Filling-dentin interface of cut surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Cavities dried with paper point or compressed air showed less leakage than those dried with cotton pellet in Super EBA filled cavity (p<0.05). However, there was no difference between paper point- and compressed air-dried cavities. 2. When cavities were dried with compressed air, dentin-bonded composite resin-filled cavities showed less apical leakage than IRM- or Super EBA-filled ones (p<0.05). 3. Regardless of the filling material, cavities contaminated with human blood showed significantly more apical leakage than those dried with compressed air after saline irrigation (p<0.05). 4. Outer half of the cavity showed larger dentin-filling interface gap than inner half did when cavities were filled with IRM or Super EBA. 5. In all the filling material groups, cavities contaminated with blood or dried with cotton pellets only showed larger defects at the base of the cavity than ones dried with paper points or compressed air.