• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.806-815
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• 1996

The interlaminar fracture behavior of woven laminates under static and cyclic loadings has been studied using DCB(double cantilever beam) specimens. The effects of surface treatment and stiching on the fracture behavior of composite laminates are investigated experimentally. Fracture toughness has been improved by surface treatment because the surface treatment can change the fracture mechanism of laminates. SCB(stitched cantilever beam) model has been proposed to quantify the effect of through-thickness resinforcement(stiching) in improving the delamination crack growth resistance. Distributed loads which are transfered to through-thickness fibers can be calculated by the SCB model. And fracture energy increase due to the distributed load can be predicted by a power function of the distributed load. A new parameter agreed well proposed predict fatigue crack growth rate. The predictions using this parameter agreed well with the experimental data.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 1997

This paper deals with wear characteristics of ion-nitrided metal theoretically and experimentally in order to analysis of wear phenomena. Wear tests show that compound layer of ion-nitrided metal reduces wear rate when the applied wear load is mall. However, as th load becomes large, the existence of compound layer tends to increase wear rate. The residual stress at the surface of ion-nitrided metal is measured, and the internal stress distribution is calculated when the normal and tangential forces are applied to the surface of metal. Compressive residual stress is largeest at the compound layer, and decreases as the depth from the surface increases. Calculation shows that the maximum stress exists at a certain depth from the surface when normal and tangential force are applied, and that the larger the wear load is the deeper the location of maximum stress becomes. In the analysis, it is found that under small applied wear load the critical depth, where voids and cracks may be created and propagated, is located at the compound layer, as the adhesive wear, where hardness is an important factor, is created the existence of compound layer reduces the amount of wear. When the load becomes large the critical depth is located below the compound layer, and delamination, which may be explained by surface deformation, crack nucleation and propagation, is created, and the existence of compound layer increases wear rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.163-167
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• 1996

The life of rolling elements depends on various factors such as operating conditions and material properties. In this work, the effect of microstructure on the rolling behavior is investigated. Specially, the deformations in the substrate regions before and after rolling are compared. It is found that rolling action causes severe flow of material in the direction opposite to the rolling direction in the case of dry rolling direction. With lubrication, the deformation is more severe at the subsurface region rather than at the surface.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 1989

The friction and wear behavior of molybdenum disulfide filled polymer composites sliding against metal has been investigated using pin-on-disc machine and microscope. The observed wear rates were reduced by the addition of MoS$_2$ to nylon and this can be attributed to the homogenous transfer of MoS$_2$ to the counteddace thereby modifying sliding conditions. The friction of filled and unfilled nylon was increased with increasing sliding speed, and the catastropic wear rate was occurred at high normal load. This have been explained by thermal degradation. In the case of HDPE, however, the wear rate was not always reduced by the addition of MoS$_2$ and the influence of MoS$_2$ was mainly even the opposite. Filled and unfilled HDPE had lower values of friction and wear rate than those of nylon. Micrographs appeared that the delamination of the worn surface in nylon/MoS$_2$ composite occurred and revealed that the worn surface of HDPE presented a number of characteristic features as wear grooves, pulls, and smears and crescents.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1257-1265
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• 1998

Hertzian contact tests were used to investigate the evolution of fracturedamage in the coating layer as functions of contact load and coating thickness by studying crack patterns in porcelain on glass-infiltrated alumina bilayer system conceived to simulate the crown structure of a tooth. Cone cracks initiated at the coating top surface without delamination at interface and crack propagation to substrate. Preferentially the cracks made multi-cracks at the coating top surface rather than proceeding to interface. The cracks were highly stabilized with wide ranges between the loads to initiate first cracking and to cause final failure im-plying damage-tolerant capability. Finite element modelling was used to evaluate the stress distribution. Maximum tensile stress were responsible for the cracking at the coating layer and had a profound influence on the crack pattern and fracture damage in the layered structure materials.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.232-236
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• 2004

The fracture characteristics of unidirectional composite single-lap bonded joints were investigated experimentally and numerically. The effects of bonding method, surface roughness, bondline thickness and the existence of fillet on the failure characteristics and strength of bonded single-lap joints were evaluated experimentally. The failure process, failure mode and the behavior of load-displacement curve was apparently different according to bonding method. The failure load of the specimen co-cured without adhesive was definitely superior to other types of specimens but the specimens co-cured with adhesive film had a less strength than secondary bonded specimens. In the secondary bonded specimens, the lower value of surface roughness and existence of fillet improved the strength of specimens. The strain energy release rates calculated by geometric nonlinear finite element analyses and Virtual Crack Closure Technique for the secondary bonded specimens considering the three types of initial cracks - comer crack, edge crack and delamination crack - were consistent with the test results.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.523-527
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• 2013

Ti-based coatings following laser ablation were studied to compare degradation behaviors by thermomechanical stress. TiN, TiCN, and TiAlN coatings were degraded by a Nd:YAG pulsed laser with an increase in the laser pulses. A decrease in the hardness was identified as the pulses increased, and the hardness levels were in the order of TiAlN > TiCN > TiN. The TiN showed cracks on the surface, and cracks with pores formed along the cracks were observed in the TiCN. The dominant degradation behavior of the TiAlN was surface pore formation. EDS results revealed that diffusion of substrate atoms to the coating surface occurred in the TiN. Delamination occurred in the TiN and TiCN, while the TiAlN which has higher thermal stability than the TiN and TiCN maintained adhesion to the substrate. It was considered that the decrease in the hardness of the Ti-based hard coatings is attributed to surface cracking and the diffusion of substrate atoms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.528-528
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• 2007

Cu CMP widely has been using for the formation of multilevel metal interconnects by the Cu damascene process. And lower dielectric constant materials are required for the below 45nm technology node. As the dielectric constant of dielectric materials are smaller, the strength of dielectric materials become weaker. Therefore these materials are easily damaged by high down pressure during conventional CMP. Also, technical problems such as surface scratches, delamination, dishing and erosion are also occurred. In order to overcome these problems in CMP, the ECMP (electro-chemical mechanical planarization) has been introduced. In this process, abrasive free electrolyte, soft pad and low down force were used. The electrolyte is one of important factor to solve these problems. Also, additives are required to improve the removal rate, uniformity, surface roughness, defects, and so on. In this study, KOH and $NaNO_3$ based electrolytes were used for Cu ECMP and the electrochemical behavior was evaluated by the potentiostat. Also, the Cu surface was observed by SEM as a function of applied voltage and chemical concentration.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.229-236
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• 2004

A new three-node triangular shell element based on higher order zig-zag theory is developed for laminated composite shells with multiple delaminations. The present higher order zig-zag shell theory is described in a general curvilinear coordinate system and in general tensor notation. All the complicated curvatures of surface including twisting curvatures can be described in an exact manner in the present shell element because this element is based on geometrically exact surface representation. The displacement field of the proposed finite element includes slope of deflection. which requires continuity between element interfaces. Thus the nonconforming shape function of Specht's three-node triangular plate bending element is employed to interpolate out-of-plane displacement. The present element passes the bending and twisting patch tests in flat surface configurations. The developed element is evaluated through the buckling problems of composite cylindrical shells with multiple delaminations. Through the numerical examples it is demonstrated that the proposed shell element is efficient because it has minimal degrees of freedom per node. The accuracy of the present element is demonstrated in the prediction of buckling loads and buckling modes of shells with multiple delaminations. The present shell element should serve as a powerful tool in the prediction of buckling loads and modes of multi-layered thick laminated shell structures with arbitrary-shaped multiple delaminations.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.2771-2776
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• 2000

In this work, the effect of surface treatment of prepreg on the mode I fracture behavior was studied. Unidirectional (0-deg) double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were used for fracture tests. Two groups of DCB specimens were made: the first group was made of prepregs surface-treated by Ar(sup)+ ion beam under oxygen environment and the second group was made of regular prepregs. For both groups, fracture resistance curve (R-curve) was determined and compared to each other, Results showed that resistance behavior of the first group is better than that of the second group. That is, mode I fracture toughness, G(sub)Ic of the first group is 24% larger than that of the second group. SEM examination shows that the improvement of G(sub)Ic is due to the increase of interfacial strength between plies.