• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.106-113
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• 2000

One of the recent changes in machining technology is rapid application of micro- and high precision grinding processes. A fine groove generation is necessary for the fabrication of optics, electronics and semiconductor parts. Slot grinding is very efficient for the generation of micro ordered groove with hard and brittle materials. In the process of slot grinding, chipping at the sharp edges and microcracks of the ground grooves are inevitable defects. Chipping should be reduced for the improvement of surface integrity. Mechanical contact with diamond grits causes microcracks at the grooves. This damage resides subsurface, and can be the cause of failure of the punch die. This paper deals with chipping generation at the sharp edges, surface integrity of side groove and fracture strength is related to the microcracks in the slot grinding.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.463-468
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• 2000

An experimental study has been performed to investigate the forming characteristics of pre-coated metals(PCMs) widely used in domestic appliances through Erichsen tests and deep drawing tests. Erichsen tests are performed to find out the forming limits of seven pre-coated metals in normal conditions. Rectangular deep-drawing tests are carried out to know the effects of die materials and blank metals on forming loads and surface defects of final PCM products. In the deep-drawing test, four die materials ［STD11(TiCN), STD11, STD11(TD), AMPCO] are used. In the Erichsen test, the forming limits of PCMs are obtained from flaking or crack of pre-coated films and lower than those of base metals. In respect of surface roughness and forming load, STD11(TD) and AMPCO materials are superior to my other die-materials used in the deep-drawing test.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.501-504
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• 2003

The purpose of this work is to introduce some fundamental stereological concepts to quantify damage parameters using X-ray CT(Computed Tomography) in the scope of CDM(Continuum Damage Mechanics). X-ray CT is a completely nondestructive technique for visualizing features in the interior of opaque solid objects, and for obtaining digital information on their 3D geometries and properties. Many researchers have introduced lots of damage parameters to model the mechanical behavior of deteriorated materials. Those damage parameters can be represented in many forms such as specific void or crack surfaces, the spacing between cracks, the specific damaged surface area, the specific damaged surface area tensor, the mean solid path among the damaged surfaces and the mean solid path tensor. Despite of many accomplishments in CDM since there is no the systematic experiment, it have limitations in application. In this situation, X-ray computed tomography is highlited by many researchers and applied in a wide range of materials including rock, bone, ceramic, metal, soft tissue and concrete.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1259-1264
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• 2014

Hydrogen is in the world limelight for future energy source, and it has been already used in various industry fields including aerospace. The extremely fine molecule of the hydrogen can be easily leaked from tiny size of the crack on the surface of transporting pipes or storage tanks, and it could bring on awfully terrible disaster. In this study, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to develope a reliable detection scheme for a small quantity of hydrogen leakage. Effect of three different metal substrates (i.e. Al, Cu, SUS) on plasma generation and the intensity of the hydrogen atomic signal was investigated, and the surface damage of the substrates due to repetitive laser shots was observed using Scanning electron microscope. It was also evaluated how the surface damage could distort the atomic signal. The intensity of the atomic signal was found to be the strongest, and the signal distortion due to the surface damage was approximately $100W/m^2$ lower when Al was used for the substrate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.109-110
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• 2015

알루미늄 합금의 종류중 하나인 ADC12는 가공성이 좋고 가격이 저렴하기 때문에 산업의 많은 분야에 이용할 수 있지만 양극산화를 진행할 시 합금의 주요 구성성분인 실리콘(Si)으로 인해 균열(Crack)이 생기는 문제가 발생하여 이에 따라 균일한 산화막이 생성되지 않다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이 단점을 극복하기 위해 양극산화를 진행할 때 금속 음이온 성분이 첨가된 전해질을 이용하면 실리콘이 떨어져 나간 부분을 자가치료(Self-healing)할 수 있어 피막의 경도를 포함한 각종 특성이 증가하는 결과를 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 ADC12를 양극산화할 때 황산 수용액을 기본 전해질로 하여 전해질에 타이타늄(Ti), 마그네슘(Mg), 몰리브덴(Mo)이 포함되어 있는 금속 음이온 물질을 첨가하였고, 금속 음이온 전해질의 농도와 양극산화 진행 시간을 변수로 하여 제조한 산화막의 전기화학적 특성을 SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope), Tafel plot, 그리고 Microvickers hardness tester를 통해 평가하였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 1990

Integranular corrosion behaviors of KAL (Knife Line Attack) and mechanical properties such as tensile and creep rupture were investigated for the tube material used for nearly 20 years under the condition of 463.deg. C and 28 $kg/cm^2$. Based and weld metal were austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 containing Ti, AISI 347 containing Nb, respectively. KLA is a kind of the intergranular corrosion which often occurs just near the HAZ (heat affected zone) of AISI 321 and AISI 347 stainless steel due to the grain boundary sensitization. In KLA zone, intergranular corrosion crack has propagated outwards from the inner surface and carbides of white and narrow band type assuming as (Cr, Fe) carbide were confirmed. All the delta-ferrite formed in the weld metal during weld solidification has been transformed into sigma-phase since delta-ferrte was exposed for 20 years at 463.deg. C. Elongation was very low at the range from room temperature to 600.deg. C and it was confirmed that creep-rupture properties were not consideralbly affected.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acid etching on the surface appearance and fracture toughness of five glass ionomer cements. Five kinds of commercially available glass ionomer cements including chemical curing filling type, chemical curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, light curing tilling type and light curing lining type were used for this study. The specimens for SEM study were fabricated by treating each glass ionomer cement with either visible light curing or self curing after being inserted into a rubber mold (diameter 4mm, depth 1mm). Some of the specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 0, 15, 30, 60, go seconds, at 5 minutes, 1 hour and 1 day after mixing of powder and liquid. Unetched ones comprised the control group and the others were the experimental groups. The surface texture was examined by using scanning electron microscope at 20 kV. (S-2300, Hitachi Co., Japan). The specimens for fracture toughness were fabricated by curing of each glass ionomer cement previously inserted into a metal mold for the single edge notch specimen according to the ASTME399. They were subjected to a three-point bend test after etching for 0, 30, 60, and 90 seconds at 5 minutes-, 1 hour-and 1 day-lapse after the fabrication of the specimens. The plane strain fracture toughness ($K_{IC}$) was determined by three-point bend test which was conducted with cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min using Instron universal testing machine (Model No. 1122) following seven days storage of the etched specimens under $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity condition. Following conclusions were drawn. 1. In unetched control group, crack was present, but the surface was generally smooth. 2. Deterioration of the surface appearance such as serious dissolving of gel matrix and loss of glass particles occured as the etching time was increased beyond 15 s following Immediate etching of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 3. Etching after 1 h, and 1 d reduced surface damage, 15 s, and 30s etch gave rough surface appearance without loss of glass particle of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 4. Light curing type glass ionomer cement was etched by acid, but there was no difference in surface appearances according to various waiting periods. 5. It was found that the value of plane stram fracture toughness of glass ionomer cements was highest in the light curing filling type as $1.79\;MNm^{-1.5}$ followed by the light curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, chemical curing filling type and chemical curing lining type. 6. The value of plane stram fracture toughness of the chemical curing lining type glass ionomer cement etched after 5 minutes was lower than those of the cement etched after 1 hour or day or unetched (P < 0.05). 7. Light curing glass ionomer cement showed Irregular fractured surface and chemical curing cement showed smooth fractured surface.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 1990

The author fractographically analyized the cause of metal failure(the first time this procedure has been used for this metal failure)and also analyized it clinically. In this study, I selected eight cases which have been analyized fractographically. In all these cases, the analysis was done after treatment of metal failure of implants internally fixed to femur shaft fractures at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeung-Nam University Hospital during the six year period from May 1983 to September 1989. 1. Metal failure occured in five dynamic-compression plates, one Jewett nail, one screw in Rowe plate, and one interlocking nail. 2. The clinical cause of metal failure was deficiency of medial butress in five cases, incorrect position of implant in one case, and incorrect selection of implant in two cases. 3. The time interval between internal fixation and metal failure was four months in one case, between five months to twelve months in six cases, three years in one case. 4. The fractographically analytical cause of metal failure was ; first, impact failure, one case, second, fatigue failure, six cases, machining mark(stress liser), four cases type : low consistent cyclic fatigue failure irregular cyclic fatigue failure third, stress corrosion crack, one case. 5. 316L Stainless Steel has good resistance to corrosion. However, when its peculiar surface film is destroyed by fretting, it shows pitting corrosion. This is, perhaps, the main cause of metal failure. 6. It is possible that mechanical injury occured in implants during the manufacturing of implants or that making a screw hole is the main cause of metal failure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 1992

In this study, corrosion fatigue test of SAPH45 steel was performed by the use of plane bending fatigue tester in marine environment and investigated fracture surface growth behavior of base metal and heat affected zone corrosion fatigue. The main results obtained are as follows: 1) Fracture surface growth of heat affected zone (HAZ) is delayed more than that of base matel (BM), and they tend to faster in seawater than in air. 2) Corrosion sensitivity to corrosion fatigue life of HAZ is more susceptible than that of BM. 3)In the case of the corner crack by corrosion fatigue, the correlation between the propagation rate of fracture surface area(dA/dN) and stress intensity factor range(ΔK) for SAPH45 are applied to Paris rule as follows: dA/dN=C(ΔK) super(m) where m is the slope of the correlation, and is about 6.60-6.95 in air and about 6.33-6.41 in seawater respectively.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.163-179
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• 2017

The axisymmetric buckling delamination of the Piezoelectric/Metal/Piezoelectric (PZT/Metal/PZT) sandwich circular plate with interface penny-shaped cracks is investigated. The case is considered where open-circuit conditions with respect to the electrical displacement on the upper and lower surfaces, and short-circuit conditions with respect to the electrical potential on the lateral surface of the face layers are satisfied. It is assumed that the edge surfaces of the cracks have an infinitesimal rotationally symmetric initial imperfection and the development of this imperfection with rotationally symmetric compressive forces acting on the lateral surface of the plate is studied by employing the exact geometrically non-linear field equations and relations of electro-elasticity for piezoelectric materials. The sought values are presented in the power series form with respect to the small parameter which characterizes the degree of the initial imperfection. The zeroth and first approximations are used for investigation of stability loss and buckling delamination problems. It is established that the equations and relations related to the first approximation coincide with the corresponding ones of the three-dimensional linearized theory of stability of electro-elasticity for piezoelectric materials. The quantities related to the zeroth approximation are determined analytically, however the quantities related to the first approximation are determined numerically by employing Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical results on the critical radial stresses acting in the layers of the plate are presented and discussed. In particular, it is established that the piezoelectricity of the face layer material causes an increase (a decrease) in the values of the critical compressive stress acting in the face (core) layer.