• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2013

Background: The aims of this study were to analyze the anatomic variations of supraorbital foramina/notches in Koreans and to compare the results with those of previous studies examining other races. We evaluated the three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images of human faces using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Methods: A total of 395 adults (232 men and 163 women) were enrolled and the 3D-CT images of their faces were reviewed in this study. In this study, the data from the images included the presence, shape, width and distance from the nasion to the supraorbital foramina/notches. ANOVA was used to assess the main effects of gender and side (right or left foramen/notch), and comparisons of the means were done by paired t-test. Results: The most common shapes in Koreans were a single notch (39.5%) on the right hand side and a single foramen (42.3%) on the left hand side. The incidence of a single foramen in Koreans was high compared to other races. The mean foramen diameter was $2.34{\pm}0.78$ mm, and the mean distance from the nasion was $27.19{\pm}4.03$ mm. The mean notch diameter was $3.37{\pm}1.71$ mm, and the mean distance from the nasion was $23.42{\pm}2.45$ mm. Conclusions: This is the first study on the variations of supraorbital foramina/notches in Koreans using 3D-CT images of faces. The anatomic characteristics of the supraorbital foramina/notch will help in performing nerve blocks and maxillofacial surgery.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2016

Background: Position of the facial foramina is important for regional block and for various maxillofacial surgical procedures. In this study, we report on anthropometry and morphology of these foramina using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) data. Methods: A retrospective review was performed for all patients who have undergone 3D-CT scan of the facial skeleton for reasons other than fracture or deformity of the facial skeleton. Anthropometry of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina (SOF, IOF, MF) were described in relation to facial midline, inferior orbital margin, and inferior mandibular margin (FM, IOM, IMM). This data was analyzed according to sex and age. Additionally, infraorbital and mental foramen were classified into 5 positions based on the anatomic relationships to the nearest perpendicular dentition. Results: The review identified 137 patients meeting study criteria. Supraorbital foramina was more often in the shape of a foramen (62%) than that of a notch (38%). The supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina were located 33.7 mm, 37.1 mm, and 33.7 mm away from the midline. The mean vertical distance between IOF and IOM was 13.4 mm. The mean distance between MF and IMM was 21.0 mm. The IOF and MF most commonly coincided with upper and lower second premolar dentition, respectively. Between the sex, the distance between MF and IMM was significantly higher for males than for female. In a correlation analysis, SOF-FM, IOF-FM and MF-FM values were significantly increased with age, but IOF-IOM values were significantly decreased with age. Conclusion: In the current study, we have reported anthropometric data concerning facial foramina in the Korean population, using a large-scale data analysis of three-dimensional computed tomography of facial skeletons. The correlations made respect to patient sex and age will provide help to operating surgeons when considering nerve blocks and periosteal dissections around the facial foramina.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 1987

The osteological characters of Aphyocypris chinensis of subfamily Leuciscinae were examined and the systematic position of this species is discussed through comparison with other species of subfamilies Leucisicinae and Cultrinae. Numbers of the dorsal an danal fin ray, having no symphyseal knob and barbels and separation between dermosphenotic and supraorbital, are in acord with those of subfamily Leuciscine, and the abdominal keel and trigemino-facial nerve foramen of the prootic are more closely related with those of subfamily Cultrinae. But several diagnostic characters detected only in this species are as follows ; 4 infraorbitals, the shape of ethmoid, 5-6 hypurals, the broad orbital width, having no extrascapular, incomplete lateral line and considerable small size.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.421-424
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• 2019

Osteomas are benign, slow-growing osteogenic lesions frequently found in the craniomaxillofacial region. They can be classified as peripheral, central, or extraskeletal. Reactive mechanisms to trauma or infection, as well as muscle traction, are thought to play a major role in the development of peripheral osteomas. In the present report, a 41-year-old woman presented with a slowgrowing, painless mass on her left eyebrow. She had suffered trauma 15 years prior. In the computed tomography scan, a 2.5×2×0.7-cm radio-opaque tumor was detected just medial to the left supraorbital foramen, and a peripheral osteoma was clinically diagnosed. An elective operation under general anesthesia was planned. Following a suprabrow incision, subcutaneous and intramuscular dissection was performed. In the surgical plane deep to the corrugator muscles and superficial to periosteum, a branch of the supratrochlear nerve was encountered and preserved using a vessel loop. The osteoma beneath the periosteum was extracted in multiple fragments using a chisel and mallet to minimize trauma to the nerve. Contour and facial symmetry were corrected. To use a suprabrow incision, the surgeon must understand neighboring anatomical structures, including the course of the supratrochlear and supraorbital neurovascular bundles. When these structures are located adjacent to tumor lesions, careful surgical maneuvers should be performed to preserve them.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2011

Introduction: The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the simulation surgery on rapid prototype (RP) model, which is based on the 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) data taken before surgery, has the same accuracy as traditional orthograthic surgery with an intermediate splint, using an optoelectronic tracking navigation system. Materials and Methods: Simulation surgery with the same treatment plan as the Le Fort I osteotomy on the patient was done on a RP model based on the 3D CT data of 12 patients who had undergone a Le Fort I osteotomy in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital. The 12 distances between 4 points on the skull, such as both infraorbital foramen and both supraorbital foramen, and 3 points on maxilla, such as the contact point of both maxillary central incisors and mesiobuccal cuspal tip of both maxillary first molars, were tracked using an optoelectronic tracking navigation system. The distances before surgery were compared to evaluate the accuracy of the RP model and the distance changes of 3D CT image after surgery were compared with those of the RP model after simulation surgery. Results: A paired t-test revealed a significant difference between the distances in the 3D CT image and RP model before surgery.(P<0.0001) On the other hand, Pearson's correlation coefficient, 0.995, revealed a significant positive correlation between the distances.(P<0.0001) There was a significant difference between the change in the distance of the 3D CT image and RP model in before and after surgery.(P<0.05) The Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.13844, indicating positive correlation.(P<0.1) Conclusion: Theses results suggest that the simulation surgery of a Le Fort I osteotomy using an optoelectronic tracking navigation system I s relatively accurate in comparing the pre-, and post-operative 3D CT data. Furthermore, the application of an optoelectronic tracking navigation system may be a predictable and efficient method in Le Fort I orthognathic surgery.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1986

The arterial supply to the eyeball of the Korean native goat has been described. Observations were made by dissection of ten Korean native goats fixed in embalming fluid and injected with neoprene latex. The results were as follows. 1. The eyeball and accessory ocular organ of the Korean native goat received its blood supply chiefly from the A. ophthalmica externa and partly from the branches of A. temporalis superficialis and A. malaris. 2. A. ophthalmica externa formed Rete mirabile ophthalmicum after giving off Ramus muscularis and A. lacrimalis, and continued to A. supraorbitalis. 1) A. lacrimalis was given off between Mm. rectus lateralis and dorsalis, and supplied lacrimal gland. 2) Rete mirabile ophthalmicum gave off A. ciliares posteriores longae and Rami musculares. A. ciliates posteriores longae gave off A. ciliates posteriores medialis and lateralis, Ramus anastomoticus cum A. ophthalmica interna, A. centralis retinae, Aa. ciliares posteriores breves and Aa. episcaeralis. Rami musculares supplied to M. rectus dorsalis, M. obliquus dorsalis, M. retractor bulbi, M. levator palpebrae superioris and M. rectus medialis, and continued Aa. ciliares anteriores after giving off A. episclerales and A. conjunetivales. 3) A. supraorbitalis supplied to M. rectus dorsalis. M. obliquus dorsalis and conjuntiva, and passed into supraorbital foramen. 3. A. malaris gave off A. palpebrae tertiae, A. palpebralis inferior medialis and A. palpebralis superior medialis, which supplied to third eyelid, medial aspect of the eyelids and conjunctiva. 4. A. temporalis superficialis gave off A. palpebralis inferior lateralis and A. palpebralis superior lateralis, which supplied to lateral aspect of the eyelids, M. orbicularis oculi and M. frontoscutularis.