• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-40
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• 1995

Rheumatoid arthritis is the one of the chronic diseases, one of its major symptoms is a chronic pain. Despite developing medical treatment and surgical techniques, it is suggested that to control the pain is the goal of the treatment. But pain is an inner experience and even those closest to the patient cannot truly observe its progress or share in its suffering. The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine's report on Pain and Disability concluded that there is no objective measure of pain-(exactly) no pain thermometer-nor can there ever be one, because the experience of pain is inseparable from personal perception and social influence such as culture. To explore chronic pain experience is to understand the process and property of the patient's perception of pain through the response to pain, the coping with pain, and the adaptation to pain. Therefore a qualitative study was conducted in order to gain an understanding of pain experience of patients with RA in korea. I used naturalistic inquiry as a research methodology, which had 5 axioms, the first is that realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic, the second is that knower and known are interactive, inseparable, the third is only time and context bound working hypotheses(idiographic statements) are possible, the forth is all entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects and the last is that inquiry is value-bound. Purposive sampling was conducted as a sampling. 20 subjects who experienced pain over 10 years, lived in middle-sized city and big city in Korea, and 17 women and 3 men. The subject's age was from 32 to 62 (average 48.8), all were married, living with their spouse and children, except two-one divorced and the other widow before they became ill. I collected data using In depth structured interview. I had interviews two or three times with each subject, and the interviews were conducted at each subject's home. Each interview lasted about two hours an average. A recording was taken with the consent of the subject. I used inductive data analysis-such as unitizing and categorizing. unitizing is a process of coding, whereby raw data are systematically transformed and aggregated into units. Categorizing is a process wherby previously unitized data are organized into categories that provide descriptive or inferential information about the context or setting from which the units were derived. This process is used constant comparative method. The pain controlling process is composed of behavior of pain control. The behaviors of pain control are rearranging of ADL, hiddening role conflict, balancing treatment, and changing social relation. Rearranging of ADL includes diet management, sleep management, and the adjustment of daily life activities. The subjects try to rearrange their daily activities by modified style of motions, rearranging time span & range of activities, using auxillary facilities, and getting help in order to keep on the pace of daily life. Hiddening role conflict means to reduce conflicts between sick role and their role as a family member. In this process, the subjects use two modes, one is to control the pain complaints, and the other is to internalize the value which is to stay home is good for caring her children and being a good mother. To control pain complaints is done by 'enduring', 'understanding' the other family members, or making them undersood in order to reduce pain. Balancing treatment is composed of two aspects. One is to keep the pain within the endurable level, the other is to keep in touch with medical personnel in order to get the information of treatment and emotional support. Changing social relation is made by information seeking and sharing, formation of mutual support relation, and finally simplification of social relationships. The subjects simplify their social relationships by refraining from relations with someone who makes them physically and psychologically strained. In particular the subjects are apt to avoid contact with in-laws, and the change of relation to in-laws results in lessening the family boundary. In the course of this process, they confront the crisis of family confict result in family dissolution. This crisis is related to the threat of self-existence. Findings from this study contribute to understanding the chronic pain experience. To advance this study, we should compare this result with other cases in different cultural contexts. I think to interpret these results, korean cultural background should be considered. Especially the different family concept, more broader family members and kinship network, and the traditional medical knowledge influences patients' behavior.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권44호
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• pp.1-31
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• 2016

애니메이션이 비교적 긴 시간 동안 하나의 예술 장르로서 학문적 관심의 대상이 되었음에도, 예술 장르로서의 애니메이션에 대한 대중들의 인식은 같은 뿌리를 둔 또 하나의 영상 예술인 영화에 비하면 아직까지도 개선을 요구하는 부분이 많다. 영화 이론이 대중에게 영화를 예술의 한 장르로서 각인하는데 밑거름이 된 것을 생각하면, 애니메이션 이론도 폭넓게 연구되어야 하며 애니메이션 미학에서 스크린의 비중이 높은 만큼 시각적 특징에 집중한 애니메이션 미장센에 관한 관심은 당연하다. 미장센은 시각적 요소들이 작품의 주제를 내보이는데 의의를 두며 용어가 쓰이는 예술 분야마다 약간의 의미 차이를 갖는다. 영화 비평에서 시작된 미장센은 미학 표현 개념으로 자리 잡았으나, 영화, 연극, 뮤지컬, 애니메이션 등 영상 및 무대 예술을 넘어 회화나 게임, 패션 등의 예술과 문화 분야에서도 거론되면서 분야별 미장센의 의미에 관한 의견이 분분하며 그 개념이 달리 쓰이거나 확장되기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 대중예술로서 애니메이션이 자리 잡기 위한 방안으로 미학연구의 필요성을 주장하며 애니메이션의 시각적 특징이 두드러지는 '미장센'에 중점을 두어 애니메이션의 표면적 예술성에 대해 연구한다. 연구 방법으로 미장센을 하나의 미학 이론으로 확립한 영화와 용어가 처음 쓰인 연극의 매체 특성을 비교해 두 매체의 미장센 특징을 찾고, 이를 애니메이션에 대입하여 애니메이션 미장센의 특징을 알아본다. 또한, 애니메이션 미장센에서 프레임의 시각적 요소가 작가의 의견을 직접적으로 표출한다는 것을 밝히기 위해 제한된 환경에서 만들어진 작가주의 애니메이션의 미장센을 살핀다. 위와 함께, 상업 애니메이션이 특정 집단의 기호에 맞춰 제작된 것을 감안하여 소비에트의 지원 아래 제작된 러시아 애니메이션의 실험적인 제작 방식과 그에 따른 독창적인 미장센을 분석한다. 작품의 소재를 자국의 민담에서 찾은 러시아 애니메이션이 이를 오페라와 발레의 공연 양식으로부터 영향을 받은 공간 표현, 무거운 동화(Inbetweens), 라이브 액션 활용 등의 미장센으로 은유적으로 표현하며 독특한 미학적 세계를 구축한 점을 염두에 두고, 작품의 주제나 작가 의견이 어떠한 외적 장치를 통해 미장센으로 드러나는지 확인한다.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2004

The home health care industry has grown rapidly and can be expected to continue to grow in the foreseeable future. Home health care refers to the practice of nursing applied to clients with a health condition in the clients place of residence. clients and their designated care givers are the focus at home health nursing practice. The goal of care is to initiate. manage and evaluate the resources needed to promote the clients optimal level of well-being and function. Nursing activities necessary to achieve this goal may warrant preventive maintenance and restorative emphases to prevent potential problems from developing. Many project program were suggested home health care model for Korea's health care system and policy direction for expansion and establishment of home health care .But the aim of this paper is to provide on overview for theoretical frame work in home health care. Theories and conceptual frameworks or models are important nursing because they define and guide the boundaries of professional practice and identify key nurse-patient-caregiver relationships that emerge with caring. Following is the research with an investigation of the literature review in the University of Arizona international medline database, In conclusion, are as followers: First, many nursing theorists have had a tremendous impact on nursing practice. the following highlights those nursing theorists that are particularly helpful in understanding home health care. 1. Florence Nightingale : Our earliest theoretical legacy. Nightingale's believes are reflected in basic infection control practice such as hand washing and infectious waste disposal and are key nursing interventions in home care. 2. Martha Roger's :Science of unitary human beings theory. Rorger's believed that the focus of shared. non invasive healing modelities is the human environmental field rather than direct physical care. These modelities continue to evolve as our awareness (reflecting greater diversity, faster rhythms, motions, and ways of knowing) transcends time and space, allowing individuals to get in touch with their integral nature of unbroken wholeness. On people as ever changing energy fields have special relevance in home care especially with hospice and palliative care applications. 3. Madeline Leininger's; Transcultural nursing theory. Home care nurses move through a variety of communities and often care for patients from different cultural back grounds. Therefore Leininger's work has a good that with home care because home care nursing practice is very culturally focused. 4. Dorothea Orem's : Self care deficit theory. Orem's theory views care as something to be performed by both nurses and patients. The role of the nurse is to provide education and support that help patients acquire the necessary activities to perform self-care. Orem's theory is foundational to have care because it begins to truly acknowledge the role of the patient in managing his or her own health. which is referred to as self-care. 5. Margaret Neuman's; Health as expending consciousness theory. Neuman believes that health compasses disease and reflects an underlying pattern of person-environment interaction. A key application of 'Neuman's work to home care is for nurses to understand that health and illness do not necessarily exist at opposite ends of a continuum. 6. Jean Watson's: Theory of human caring. Watson's theory of human caring in nursing proposes human caring as the moral ideal of nursing. Nurses participate human caring to protect, enhance and preserve humanity by assisting individuals to fing meaning in illness. pain and existence and to help others gain self knowledge. self control. and self healing such thinking lends richness to theory development. as well as clinical practice in home care. Second, Robin Rice : Dynamic self determination for self care. (A theoretical framework for home care) Dynamical self determination for self care can be useful to home care nurses in a variety of ways. As research tool it can be reflected in the interview process when the home visit. The home care nurse's role is that of facilitator of patient self-determination for self care through numerous strategies. including patient education and case management.