• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.187-206
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• 2017

This study empirically investigated the direct and indirect effects of inter-organizational relationships control mechanisms (IRCM; prudent partner selection and complex contract) on the decrease of inter-organizational risks (i.e., relational risk and performance risk). The empirical results showed that prudent partner selection has a positive impact on the degrees of inter-organizational cooperation and the levels of inter-organizational information flow. The effects of complex contract on the inter-organizational cooperation and information flow were not significant. In the results of the decrease of inter-organizational risks, it was observed that inter-organizational cooperation has significant positive effects on the decrease of both relational risk and performance risk. It was found that partner selection only influences the decrease of performance risk. The impact of inter-organizational information flow on the decrease of inter-organizational risks was not statistically significant. The indirect effects of IRCM on the decrease of performance risk through inter-organizational cooperation were also empirically demonstrated. The significant impact of inter-organizational cooperation on the decrease of risks implies that high levels of collaborations among employees decrease the risk of opportunistic behavior as well as the possibility of low degrees of performance through cooperative efforts. According to the results of the effects of risks on supply-chain performance, only the impact of performance risk was negatively significant. This result points out that the low levels of performance cause delays in delivery and product launch, deterred production and delayed market response, and these deteriorated managerial activities necessarily decrease the degrees of supply-chain performance.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.61
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• pp.273-302
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• 2014

Project finance ("PF") is a method of raising long-term debt financing based on lending against the cash flow generated by the project alone. Project finance is a nonrecourse or limited recourse financing structure against the sponsors(or the investors). The debt terms in a project finance are not based on the creditor's credit support or on the value of the assets of the project. Lenders rely on the future cash flow to be generated by the project for debt repayment and interest, rather than the value of the project or the credit ratings of the sponsors. The non-recourse or limited recourse financing usually prompt potential project finance lenders to assess carefully all possible risks that might arise in a project to ensure that those risks are mitigated and controlled. In this respect, project finance is a opposite financing method of corporate finance. Project finance has rapidly grown over the last 20 years due to the worldwide process of privatization of public sector and development of natural resources. Global project finance volume reached the record USD 406.5 billion in 2011. In 2012, however, Global project finance volume dropped 6% to USD 382.3 billion. Infrastructure overtook Energy to lead all sectors with USD 113.6 billion. It is generally recognized that there are more and higher risks in project finance compared with corporate finance. Project finance is exposed to commercial risks as well as political risks. The main commercial risks are completion risks, environmental risks, operating risks, input supply risks, revenue risks, etc, and the main political risks are currency convertibility and transfer risks, expropriation risks, war and civil disturbance risks, risks of breach of government concession agreement, etc. Completion risks include permits risks, risks relating to the EPC Contractor, construction cost overrun, delay in completion, inadequate performance on completion, etc.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-228
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• 2011

In one global industry after another, supply chains are reaching across continents farther and deeper than they have ever been. As a result, global companies are confronting new and more formidable supply chain risks which insurance policies alone cannot overcome. This is especially true in the Korean manufacturing industry, where the integration of Supply Chain Management and Risk Management has become critical among Korean export manufactures. One of the most effective ways to manage supply chain risks is to prevent them from occurrence. First, however, supply chain managers must have the knowledge to identify potential causes of supply chain risks. This paper attempts to contribute to such knowledge by examining the relationships between Risk Management, Business Partnership, and Business Performance among Korean export manufacturers. Our study analysed 105 cases in Korean supply chain management and then developed a structural equation model. From our model we found that Supply Chain Risk Management affects both Business Performance and Business Partnerships among Korean export manufacturers. Our model also revealed that the practice of Risk Management within the Supply Chain of Korean export manufacturing industry is impeded by certain constraints and limitations.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.879-887
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• 2021

The nuclear supply chain attack surface is a large, complex network of interconnected stakeholders and activities. The global economy has widened and deepened the supply chain, resulting in larger numbers of geographically dispersed locations and increased difficulty ensuring the authenticity and security of critical digital assets. Although the nuclear industry has made significant strides in securing facilities from cyber-attacks, the supply chain remains vulnerable. This paper discusses supply chain threats and vulnerabilities that are often overlooked in nuclear cyber supply chain risk analysis. A novel supply chain cyber-attack surface diagram is provided to assist with enumeration of risks and to examine the complex issues surrounding the requirements for securing hardware, firmware, software, and system information throughout the entire supply chain lifecycle. This supply chain cyber-attack surface diagram provides a dashboard that security practitioners and researchers can use to identify gaps in current cyber supply chain practices and develop new risk-informed, cyber supply chain tools and processes.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.117-129
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• 2018

This study examines the impact of severe weather on lean supply chains. First, this paper reviewed the literature on the disruptions and damages that severe weather events cause on supply chain. Then, several recent examples of lean supply chain disruptions due to severe weather were discussed. The results of the study indicated that the frequency of weather related disasters is increasing and extreme weather events will increase potential risks to supply chains. First, building organizational resilience will help firms look beyond efficiency and profits in managing lean supply chains. Second, the concept of sole sourcing may need rethinking to maintain a supply chain that is lean and resilient. Third, organizations must plan ahead for supply chains in unpredictable weather. Fifth, communication is a key for anticipating and avoiding the impact of severe weather. This study proposes of a set of strategies, both theoretical and practical, that business firms should develop to effectively prevent and respond to severe weather related disruptions in lean supply chains.

• IE interfaces
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.343-353
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• 2008

Vendor-managed inventory(VMI) is a supply chain strategy to improve the inventory turnover and customer service in supply chain management. Unfortunately, many VMI programs fail because they simply transfer the transactional aspects of placing replenishment orders from customer to vendor. In fact, such VMI programs often degrade supply chain performance because vendors lack capability to plan the VMI operations effectively in an integrated way under the dynamic, complex, and stochastic VMI supply chain environment. This paper presents a decision support system, termed DSSV, for VMI in the retail supply chain. DSSV supports the market forecasting, vendor's production planning, retailer's inventory replenishment planning, vehicle routing, determination of the system operating parameter values, retailer's purchase price decision, and what-if analysis. The potential benefits of DSSV include the provision of guidance, solution, and simulation environment for enterprises to reduce risks for their VMI supply chain operations.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.237-258
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• 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the risks of an over-concentration of supply chains in one country. It has motivated stakeholders to pursue diversification strategies. However, a paradox exists. Stakeholders have shied away from a complete decoupling and preferring to selectively enhance economic ties with China. This article explores this paradox by examining supply chain concentration in China as a form of asymmetric interdependence and the countermeasures from the U.S., Japan, Australia, and India to minimize vulnerabilities. It argues that while the COVID-19 disruptions have brought to light the risk of supply chain overconcentration in China, countermeasures are also driven by coercive diplomacy and the deepening U.S.-China rivalry. The paper also examines the feasibility of diversification efforts by focusing on the capacity and capabilities of alternative supply chain hubs. It finds that while states are actively seeking ways to prevent China from using asymmetric interdependence of supply chains and trade to gain political leverage, there are structural limits to the degree of diversification in the short to mid-term.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

Before an IT product is used, there is a sequence of the process such as the components supply-demand of the product, their assembly and production, their logistics and delivery, and then finally, the product can be used by a user. During this sequence of the process, there can be many security exposures and risks. In this paper, we show, by examining security cases of various IT products, that there are many security exposures in the process of IT products from their production to their delivery to end users and in their use, and also show how critical the security exposures are. Even though there are various security theories, technologies and security controls, there is still weak link from the production of an IT product to its use, and this weak link can lead to security vulnerabilities and risks. This paper tries to call attention to the importance of the execution of the security control and the control components. We examine the practical cases to find out how the security control is paralyzed, and to show how it is compromised by asymmetric security resources. Lastly, from the cases, we examine and review the possible domestic security issues and their countermeasures.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3D
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• pp.295-302
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• 2010

Since the late 1990s, the BOT mode in China has been extensively used in the water sector in order to attract private investment, improve technical and operational efficiency, and expand the coverage of water services. The BOT mode has been hailed as this provides a win-win structure between the government and private players through formalized procedures and an optimal risk allocation. However, recent market analyses show that some foreign investors are reluctant to participate in the market or even retreat due to uncertainties and risks in the market. This study aims to explore various risks in the Chinese water BOT market based on the thorough literature review, fieldwork, and the case studies on the two wholly foreign-owned BOT water projects: the Chengdu No. 6 and the Shanghai Dachang Water Supply BOT projects. The research results indicate that the Chinese BOT market embraces high risks in political, institutional and legal, and financial systems. The key to a successful takeoff of the BOT mode in the Chinese water market depends on the extent to which the government will be able to remove risky factors in political, institutional and legal, and financing systems. This research outcome will provide a useful reference to the Korean construction companies which consider expanding business to overseas water markets in the form of public private partnership.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.107-115
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers of supply chain vulnerability and internal/external disruptive events and to verify the moderating effect of SCRM to mitigate negative disruption impacts. The analysis results of 182 SMEs are as follows. First, SC vulnerability proceeded from excessive efficiency. Second, the probability and severity of internal factors were higher than that of external factors. In particular, the priority of responding to risks arising from the supply chain process was higher than the value chain within the firm. Finally, the higher the level of risk management in the supply chain, the more positively the negative disruption impact was mitigated. This study is valuable in providing practical clues to the decision-making of a firm's managers and policymakers responding to supply chain risks.