• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.7-17
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• 2022

The article discusses the problems caused by inflation in the developing Asia-Pacific region during the time of the worldwide pandemic and suggests innovative solutions to the problem. The reality is that some of the commodity groups from the consumer basket (e.g., non-seasonal fruits, electronics, furniture, hotel, and restaurant services, etc.) fail to reflect the needs of the low-income earners, which make the majority in developing countries. At the same time, the inflation targeting regime has become outdated and not reliable, because of uncontrolled exogenic factors (imported inflation, fluctuation in oil prices, supply chain disruption, Russia-Ukraine war, etc.) prevailing on endogenic factors and thus making it impossible to control the price stability, especially in developing countries. Since, the old-fashioned inflation index and inflation targeting mechanisms regrettably fail to fully reflect both the society and governmental/central banks' expectations, based on which we first should have better care and second create better policies; we propose to use a combination of already well-known indexes and policies, with the new statistical indicators, which reflects price fluctuations on the medication, utilities, and nutrition.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2010

Hematoma of gastric wall is very rare, and occasionally associated with coagulopathy, trauma, peptic ulcer disease, and therapeutic endoscopy. Ischemic gastric necrosis is also rare because of the abundant anastomotic supply to the stomach, and it is usually associated with surgery and disruption of the major vessels. Endoscopic submucosal injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine (HS-E) is a safe, cost-effective, and widely used therapy for hemostasis but it may cause tissue necrosis and perforation. We describe a case of gastric wall hematoma with oozing bleeding after endoscopic gastric mucosa biopsy in 71-year old woman with chronic renal failure and angina pectoris undergoing anti-platelet medication. We injected a small dose of HS-E (7ml) for controlling oozing bleeding. Two days later, endoscopy showed huge ulcer with necrotic tissue at the site of previously hematoma. Therefore we should pay particular attention for hematoma and mucosal necrosis when performing endoscopic procedure in a patients with high bleeding and atherosclerotic risk.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1105-1113
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• 2004

Disinfection of a waterborne pathogenic protozoa, Giardia lamblia, by the conventional chlorine method has been known to be difficult. An alternative disinfection has been carried out by using a UV -light illuminating optical­fiber photoreactor. Light intensity diffused from one piece of a clad-removed optical-fiber was $1- 1.5{\mu}Em^{-2}s^{-1}$. Disinfection capability in a UV -light irradiated optical-fiber reactor suspended with 0.01 g $TiO_{2}\;dm^{-3}$ was 1.4 times that in the same reactor without $TiO_{2}$ photocatalysts. To resolve the absorption and scattering of UV light by the particles themselves as well as the difficulty of recycling particles in the slurry­type reactor, $TiO_{2}$ which was obtained by a hydrothermal method, was immobilized on clad-removed optical fibers. Such pretreatment of fiber surface resulted in an excellent transparency, which enhanced the UV light to diffuse laterally from a fiber surface. Coating time of the prepared solution by the hydrothermal method was not effective after more than two times. Disinfection capability in the $TiO_{2}$-immobilized optical-fiber reactor was $83\%$ in 1 h at $40^{\circ}C$, which was slightly higher than $76\%$ at $22^{\circ}C$ and $68\%$ at $10^{\circ}C$. Disinfection capability at $22^{\circ}C$ increased from $74\%$ at an initial pH of 3.4, through $76\%$ at pH 6.5, to $87\%$ at an initial pH of 10. Oxygen supply with air-flow rate of 5 $cm^3\;min^{-1}$ did not seem to increase the disinfection capability with UV /immobilized $TiO_2$.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2004

In this study we investigated whether ATP loss was involved in the potentiated death of immunostimulated rat primary astrocytes in glucose-deprived condition. Rat primary astrocytes immunostimulated with LPS plus IFN-${\gamma}$ for 48 h underwent death upon glucose deprivation, which dependent on the production of peroxynitrite. Intracellular ATP level synergistically decreased by glucose deprivation in immunostimulated astrocytes but not in control cells, and the loss of ATP occurred well ahead of the LDH release. The synergistic cell death and ATP loss by immunostimulation and glucose deprivation were inhibited by iNOS inhibitor (L-NAME and L-NNA) or peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (also a superoxide anion scavenger), Mn(III)tetrakis(N-methyl-4'-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP). Exogenous addition of peroxynitrite generator, SIN-l timedependently induced ATP loss and cell death in the glucose-deprived astrocytes. Depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and dis겨ption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) were also observed under same conditions. Supply cellular ATP by the addition of exogenous adenosine or ATP during glucose deprivation inhibited ATP depletion, GSH depletion, MTP disruption and cell death in SIN-l treated or immunostimulated astrocytes. This study showed that perturbation in the regulation of intracellular ATP level in immunostimulated astrocytes might make them more vulnerable to energy challenging stimuli.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2012

Recently, global warming, energy shortage, and environmental disruption have been serious problems in every nation. It became more and more important to reduce the emission of CO2 and to use of energy efficiently. Smart grid was also introduced using the rapidly developing information technology. It deployed the mutual communication concept between customers and the suppliers in the electricity supply. There were increasing demands to adopt the smart meter and to present incentive for efficient energy usage in many developed countries. The objective of this research was to develop the optimal real time pricing model which maximized the profit of the power retailer and reduced the usage of energy. The simulation study was given to show the usefulness of the model. Simulation considered the customer demand response rate and price elasticity rate. The price elasticity rate was compared in the condition of fixed value according to time and variable value according to the customers. The optimal price model could maximize the profit of the power retailer and reduce the energy usage of the consumers.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.451-472
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• 2017

An OPEC production announcement is a major source of supply disruption that has a significant impact on the international crude oil market. In this study, the effects of OPEC's announcements are analyzed using event study methodology. Considering the oil price volatility and structural changes in the oil price, we divide the entire period into three periods and analyze the impact of OPEC's production quota announcements, including 'cut', 'hike', and 'maintain'. As a result of the analysis, we observe that the degree and direction of abnormal returns differ according to the announcements in each period. In addition, by subdividing oil price surge and plunge period into two sections, we analyze the effect of OPEC's 'maintain' announcements. During the oil price plunge period, the amount of abnormal returns was significant. This study provides policy implications for oil trading strategies and for the impact of OPEC announcements during periods of oil price fluctuation.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2014

Background: Angiogenesis has been recognized an essential precondition for osteogenesis. Because reduction and disruption of the blood supply to tissue cause tissue hypoxia, pathological bone loss affected by hypoxia often can occur in various clinical conditions. The effects of propofol on the process of osteogenesis have received little direct attention. Therefore, we investigated the effect of propofol on the growth and function of osteoblasts under hypoxic condition. Methods: After propofol (3, 30, $300{\mu}M$) preconditioning for 2 hours, hFOB 1.19 human osteoblast cells were cultured under 1 % oxygen tension for 48 hours. Using real time PCR and western blot analysis, we analyzed the expression of, BMP-2, TGF-${\beta}1$, type I collagen, osteocalcin, HIF-1s and Akt. Cell viability was also determined by MTT assay. Results: Propofol preconditioning on hypoxic-cultured osteoblast promoted the expressions of BMP-2, TGF-${\beta}1$, type I collagen and osteocalcin and induced hypoxia-mediated HIF-1 activation and the expression of Akt protein. Propofol with $300{\mu}M$ significant decreased cell viability compared to control. Conclusions: Clinically relevant concentrations of propofol are not cytotoxic to hypoxic osteoblasts in vitro. Propofol preconditioning on hypoxic-cultured osteoblast stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast through induced expression of BMP-2, TGF-${\beta}1$, type I collagen and osteocalcin. Propofol might promote angiogenesis and bone regeneration under hypoxic condition.

• Archives of Hand and Microsurgery
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.290-295
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• 2018

Author planed peroneal artery perforator flap for ankle reconstruction and experienced successful result using sural neuro-lesser saphenous venous flap due to an unexpected event. A male Asian patient, 24 years old, had a history of recurrent operation wound disruption in the ankle region. Under general anesthesia, peroneal perforator and saphenous vein, as well as the sural nerve branches, were identified and preserved. In the process of flap rotation, an accidental division of peroneal artery perforator has occurred. Despite the division of the perforator, circulation was normal. The patient experienced no complication after the surgery. Some study reported that accompanying arteries and the vascular plexus around the sural nerve communicate. In conclusion, sufficient blood supply was possible only with the accompanying artery of the sural nerve without peroneal perforator. So, it is essential to always preserve not only perforator but also neurovascular bundles at any circumstances and any location.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2019

Due to abnormal high temperature, electric power demand has exceeded the backup power reserved for emergency case, hence, resulting in a major power outage. In today's overcrowded cities, the unexpected disruption in energy supply and demand is a major threat to the enormous economic damage and urban malfunctions. Existing methods for estimating the demand of the emergency power source do not lend themselves to predict the actual demand in the spatial dimension of the city. In addition, the reserve power is arbitrarily distributed in the case of emergency. This paper presents a method that predicts the emergency power demand using the spatial distribution of emergency power demand by applying the daily energy consumption intensity and emergency power demand according to urban spatial information and building use.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-45
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• 2018

This study investigated the characteristics of sedimentary environment changes across a tidal flat in Gagyeongju of Anmyeondo Island. We performed a spatio-temporal analysis on the grain sizes composition of sediments and micro-landform changes during the winter from 2013 to 2016. The results showed that erosion was a dominant processthroughout the study flat, reducing the surface elevation even by 1 m around the upper sand flat. As a consequence, headlands have formed in the entire region of Gagyeongju village. In addition, erosion quickly progressed along the low-lying subtidal zone and tide way and, in contrast, sedimentation progressed in the mid-elevation tidal flat. We posit that a jetty, which had been constructed as a pier facility on the eastern part of the study area, interfered with the flow of tidal current, thereby enhancing these erosional processes. This is because such interference can block the supply of fine-textured sediments from the nearby Cheonsu Bay and therefore reduce surface elevation. According to the surface sediment analysis, the sediments were categorized into 7 sedimentary facies, and generally displayed a high ratio of silt and clay. The result of time-series analysis (2012-2013) showed that the sediments on the tidal flat became fine-grained, and that sorting became worse. However, the sediments on the subtidal zone, embayment and along inside of the jetty tended to be coarse-grained. In conclusion, the tidal flat microlandform change in the study area was caused by a disruption in the seawater circulation due to the jittery construction within the tidal flat, which had a direct effect on erosional and sedimentary environment processes.