• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the sleep characteristics between the prone and the supine position in healthy newborns. The 48 newborns were observed in the prone position and the supine position respectively on the 2nd day after birth. The data were collected from January to May, 1999. The state of a newborn was classified and categorized to 6 states (deep sleep. light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) by Barnard. The movements of eyes, face and extremities, pulse and arterial oxygen were observed and recorded continuously from the start of sleep after feeding until the time of being woken for the next feeding by a trained nurse The data was analyzed by using paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. There was no significant difference in the length of sleeping time between the prone and the supine position. 2. There was no significant difference in the length and frequencies of each states(deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) between the prone and the supine position But the frequency of light sleep in the supine position was significantly higher than that of the prone position. 3 There was no significant difference In the numbers or eyes movements between the prone and the supine sleep position. But the amount of facial and extremity movement in the supine position was significantly higher than those in the prone position 4. There was no significant difference in the arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep position. 5. There was no significant difference in the heart rates between the prone and the supine sleep position. The above results indicated that the newborns in the prone Position moved less and slept deeper than those in the supine position. though there was no difference in the length of sleep or arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep Position. But. Nurses and mothers should consider the relationship between the sleep Position and SIDS suggested by previous researches. The infant's 'awakening' during sleep is a normal process and rather valuable because it can provide an opportunity to promote a stronger relationship between mother and baby. So, It is suggested that the supine sleep position is better than the prone sleep position for infants.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the arm extension pattern of proprioceptive exercise program on the muscle activity of the opposite lower extremity. Methods: In this study, electromyogram MP150(Biopac system, USA) was applied to 20 healthy male subjects. Arm extension-adduction-internal rotation pattern was applied within initial, mid and end range in sling position and supine position for measurement. And the effect on the activity of rectus femoris and tibialis anterior muscle of the opposite lower extremity was compared and analyzed. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows: First, there was a statistically significant difference of the activity of the tibialis anterior muscle within the Initial range in sling position and supine position(P<0.05). Second, there was a statistically significant difference of the activity of the tibialis anterior muscle within the end range in sling position and supine position(P<0.05). Conclusion: Rectus femoris and tibialis anterior muscles shows the higher activity in the supine position than in the sling position. Therefore, the supine position is more appropriate than the sling position to make irradiation on lower extremity muscle with the extension pattern.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.347-357
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• 2001

It is well known that there is an adverse effect of long-term cigarette smoking on pulmonary function. Therefor we attempted to consider the vital capacity for position changes in a smokers and non-smokers. The pulmonary functions on sitting and supine positions were measured in 28 young healthy students fer the change of vital capacity. Forced expiratory flow-volume curve were performed sitting position and supine position and smoking. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The spirometric values(VC, FVC, FEV$_{1}$) were progressively decreased from sitting position to 30minutes after supine position in a non-smoking group(p<.05). 2) The VC, FVC. FEV$_{1}$, FEF25 ${\sim}$ 75% were decreased from sitting position to 30minutes after supine position in a smoking group(p< .01). The PEF and FEF25% were decreased from supine position to after smoking(p< .05). 3) non-smoking group and smoking group not showed significant change(p> .05). But the spirometric values were more decreased nonsmokers than smokers.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1982

For this study, the authors obtained and examined anterior views of the liver and spleen in two different positions, upright and supine, of 39 normal subjects and 20 patients with hepaticpathology by means of $^{99m}Tc-colloid$ and gamma camera. This examination confirms the following findings. In general, it is shown, left lobe of the liver in upright position becomes longer in height than in supine position, while the distance between lateral margin of the liver and that of the spleen becomes father in with in supine position than in upright position. The upper margin of liver moves more downward in upright position than in supine. It is noticeable that as for 5 cases with severe chronic liver disease, there is minimal alteration of the liver shape between in two positions. The comparison of the both positions for the better liver scan shows the following finding. Prominent caudate and/or left lobe are marked in the upright position in 16 cases out of the total 59, while none is found in the supine. The false cold area in lower part of the liver disappears in 7 cases in the upright position, while only one shows the disappeance of the false cold area in the supine. Left liver margin due to close contact of spleen is blurred in 3 cases in the upright position. In total 23 cases out of 59 support that the upright position is better for the liver scan, while only 4 cases support the supine position is better. These findings support two assumptions. One is that upright view can bo expected more improved resoluton than supine view for liver scan. Second is that minimal change of the liver shape in both views indicate the serious abnormality in the liver.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 1997

Introduction : Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is shown to common in patients with OSA and may become evident or worsened when treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Whether this is due to im proved sleep continuity. adverse nocturnal body positioning, uncovered by CPAP, or due to the CPAP stimulus is still debat-ed. We hypothesized that the increase in PLM activity following CPAP is associated with more supine-sleeping tendencies when being treated with CPAP. In the present work, we compared differences in the PLMD index (PLMI) and sleeping position of patients with sleep disordered breathing before and after CPAP treatment. Method : We studied 16 patients (mean age 46 yr, 9M, 7F) with OSA (11 patients) or UARS (5 patients) who either had PLMD on initial polysomnogram (baseline PSG) or on nasal CPAP trial (CPAP PSG). All periodic leg movements were scored on anterior tibialis EMG during sleep according to standard criteria (net duration; 0.5-5.0 seconds, intervals; 4-90 seconds. 4 consecutive movements). Paired t-tests compared PLMD index (PLMI), PLMD-related arousal index (PLMD-ArI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and supine sleeping position spent with baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. Results : Ten patients (63%) on baseline PSG and fifteen patients (94%) on CPAP PSG had documented PLMD ($PLMI{\ge}5$) respectively with significant increase on CPAP PSG(p<0.05). Ten patients showed the emergence (6/10 patients) or substantial worsening (4/10 patients) of PLMD during CPAP trial. Mean CPAP pressure was $7.6{\pm}1.8\;cmH_2O$. PLMI tended to increase from baseline PSG to CPAP PSG, and significantly increase when excluding 2 outlier (baseline PSG, $19.0{\pm}25.8/hr$ vs CPAP PSG, $29.9{\pm}12.5/hr$, p<0.1). PLMD-ArI showed no significant change, but a significant decrease was detected when excluding 2 outlier (p<0.1). There was no significant sleeping positional difference (supine vs non-supine) on baseline PSG, but significantly more supine position (supine vs non-supine, p<0.05) on CPAP PSG. There was no significant difference in PLMI during supine-sleeping and nonsupine-sleeping position on both of baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. There was also no significant difference in PLMI during supine-sleeping position between baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. With nasal CPAP, there was a highly significant reduction in the RDI (baseline PSG, $14.1{\pm}21.3/hr$ vs CPAP PSG, $2.7{\pm}3.9/hr$, p<0.05). Conclusion : This preliminary data confirms previous findings that CPAP is a very effective treatment for OSA, and that PLMD is developed or worsened with treatment by CPAP. This data also indicates that supine-sleeping position is more common when being treated with CPAP. However, there was no clear evidence that supine position is the causal factor of increased PLMD with CPAP. It is, however, suggested that the relative movement limitation induced by CPAP treatment could be a contributory factor of PLMD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.140-152
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• 1998

Background: Prone position improves oxygenation in patients with ARDS probably by reducing shunt Reduction of shunt in prone position is thought to be effected by lowering of the critical opening pressure (COP) of the dorsal lung because the pleural pressure becomes less positive in prone position compared to supine position. It can then be assumed that prone position would bring about greater improvement in oxygenation when PEEP applied in supine position is just beneath COP than when PEEP is above COP. Hemodynamically, prone position is expected to attenuate the lifting of cardiac fossa induced by PEEP. Based on these backgrounds, we investigated whether the effect of prone position on oxygenation differs in magnitude according to the level of PEEP applied in supine position, and whether impaired cardiac output in supine position by PEEP can be restored in prone position. Methods: In seven mongrel dogs, $PaO_2/F_1O_2$(P/F) was measured in supine position and at prone position 30 min. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), pulse rate (PR), and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) were measured in supine position, at prone position 5 min, and at prone position 30 min. After ARDS was established with warmed saline lavage(P/F ratio $134{\pm}72$ mm Hg), inflection point was measured by constant flow method($6.6{\pm}1.4cm$ $H_2O$), and the above variables were measured in supine and prone positions under the application of Low PEEP($5.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$), and Optimal PEEP($9.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$)(2 cm $H_2O$ below and above the inflection point, respectively) consecutively. Results : P/F ratio in supine position was $195{\pm}112$ mm Hg at Low PEEP and $466{\pm}63$ mm Hg at Optimal PEEP(p=0.003). Net increase of P/F ratio at prone position 30 min, however, was far greater at Low PEEP($205{\pm}90$ mm Hg) than at Optimal PEEP($33{\pm}33$ mm Hg)(p=0.009). Compared to CO in supine position at Optimal PEEP($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min), CO in prone improved to $3.4{\pm}0.6$ L/min at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180) and $3.6{\pm}0.7$ L/min at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180). Improvement in CO was attributable to the increase in SV: $14{\pm}2$ ml in supine position, $20{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180), and $21{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180), but not to change in PR or PAOP. When the dogs were turned to supine position again, MAP ($92{\pm}23$ mm Hg, p=0.009), CO ($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min, p=0.0277) and SV ($14{\pm}1$ ml, p=0.0277) were all decreased compared to prone position 30 min. Conclusion: Prone position in a dog with saline-lavaged acute lung injury appeared to augment the effect of relatively low PEEP on oxygenation, and also attenuate the adverse hemodynamic effect of relatively high PEEP. These findings suggest that a PEEP lower than Optimal PEEP can be adopted in prone position to achieve the goal of alveolar recruitment in ARDS avoiding the hemodynamic complications of a higher PEEP at the same time.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.239-251
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• 1995

The prevalence of postural hypotension among over 65 year old men is 10-30%. The postural hypotension commonly causes the discomfort such as dizziness, irritability or fainting spell, and for the result it diminishes the quality of the life of aged. Therefore the assessment and intervention of postural hypotension during changing position is very important. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changing position from supine to standing upright, from supine through left lateral to standing upright, from supine through sitting to standing upright of aged. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The average systolic blood pressure of normotension group is $132.68{\pm}16.04mmHg$ at supine position. The average diastolic blood pressure of normotension group is $80.72{\pm}9.82mmHg$ at supine position. The average systolic blood pressure of hypertension group is $153.92{\pm}20.12mmHg$ at supine position. The average diastolic blood pressure of hypertension group is $93.74{\pm}15.53mmHg$ at supine position. 2. There is no significant difference of blood pressure after three different procedures as mentioned above from supine to standing upright. 3. The prevalence of postural hypotension at standing upright is 13.5% which is 18.8% of the hypertension group and 9.4% of the normotension group. There is statistical difference of the prevalence of postural hypotension between hypertension group and normotension group.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.489-496
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an effect of change on head posture initial occlusal contacts with measuring the distances between initial occlusal contacts and maximum intercuspal position at different head posture in TMDs patient. For this study, 24 patients from age 13 to 36 were selected, they were examined health history taken, patients who have sign and symptoms of TMDs were examine before the study. For the normal group, 21 adults from age 23 to 25 were selected. They have normal or class I molar relationship, and have no other prosthetic restorations. Difference on distance between initial occlusal contact and maximum intercuspal position with mandibular kinesiograph$(MKG^R)$(K6 diagnostic system, Myo-tronic Inc, USA) in upright, supine, 45$^{\circ}$ extension, 30$^{\circ}$ flexion position of the head were measured. The Frankfort horizontal plane was used as a reference plane. The results were as follows : 1. There were significant differences between initial occlusal contacts of the normal and patient group on upright position and 30$^{\circ}$ flexion of the head(p<0.05, p<0.01) 2. The position of the initial occlusal contacts have a tendency to place anterior and inferior to maximal intercuspal position in upright position and 30( flexion of the head as well as posterior and inferior in supine position and 45$^{\circ}$ extension of the head in the normal and patient groups. 3. There were significant differences among the initial occlusal contacts between uptight and supine position; upright and 45$^{\circ}$ extension of the head(p<0.05); supine position and 30$^{\circ}$ flexion of the head, .and 30(flexion and 45$^{\circ}$ extension of the head in the patient group(p<0.01) The result have shown that after treatment on the supine position, it may be necessary to check occlusal contact on the upright position as well ass flexion of the head. It may need careful adjustment in occlusal condition on upright position of TMDs patient.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2021

High-Resolution thoracic CT (HRCT) is a scanning protocol in which thin slice thickness and sharpness algorithm are utilized to enhance image resolution for diagnosis and assessment of interstitial lung disease (ILD). This examination is sometimes performed in both supine and prone position to improve sensitivity to early changes of these conditions. Anatomical structures (the size of lung field and heart and descending aorta) of 150 patients who underwent HRCT were retrospectively compared. HRCT had been conducted in two positions (supine and prone). Data were divided into five groups according to patient body weights (from 40 to more than 80kg, 10kg intervals, 60 patients/each group). Quantitative analysis was utilized in Image J program. In the supine position defined as the control group, the average values of lung fields and heart size and aorta were compared with the prone position defined as the experimental group. The size of the lungs was found to be higher in the supine position, and it was confirmed that there was a statistically significant difference in patients over 70 kg (p<0.05). In addition, both sizes of the heart and descending aorta were larger in prone position, but in the case of the heart, there was no correlation with the presence or absence of ILD disease (p>0.05). Also, the area of prone in the descending aorta was higher than supine position, but there was no statistically significant difference between supine and prone position (p>0.05). In conclusion, when the severity of ILD disease was severe, there was no statistically significant difference in the area difference between supine and prone position, so it is considered that it will be helpful in diagnostic decision.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.43-52
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the upper airway structure between the snorers and asymptomatic control subjects depending on the positional change. Lateral cephalograms in the upright and supine position were taken in 25 female snorers and 20 female asymptomatic control subjects. The length and the area of the soft palate, tongue and airway were measured and evaluated statistically. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The snorers showed longer and higher tongue, narrower and longer airway, inferiorly positioned hyoid bone, longer and broader soft palate and narrower hypopharynx than the control subjects both in the upright and supine position. In addition, the snorers showed broader tongue area and narrower oropharynx area than the control subjects in supine position. 2. Depending on the positional change from upright to supine position, the controls and the snorers showed decreased airway length and superior positioned the hyoid bone. In addition, the snorers showed decreased tongue length and height, airway length and thickness and oropharynx area, but increased tongue area and soft palate area.