• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.207-214
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• 1996

Main cause of low back pain is a poor posture. Most low back pains are due to a poor posture. The poor posture induces muscle tension and finaliy low back pain. The poor posture arehabitually trained from the childhood by the environmetal factors. In general, maintaining good posture during working and sleeping hours are the first line of defence against back pam. (1) Supine posture is the easiest posture that relaxes and fixes muscles. Supine posture is thus a starting position for on exercise. Lying down releases the weight pressures of head and shoulder and thus body can be relaxed and extended which are helpful for treating back pain. However, supine posture can increase the pressure in ribcage posture aspect and disphragram due to visceral oragans. (2) Sitting in one position for a long time results in fatigue and relaxation of spinal muscies. Finally, body strength is weakened and sitting posture will become poor. If this poor posture continues for a longer time, pain will be accompanied due to overelongation of muscle ligaments. The habitual poor posture could induce intervertebral disc distortion. If the intervertebral disc is damaged, sitting in one position or movement causes pain. (3) Abnormal lumbar curve induces the tention of abdominal muscle and paravertebral muscle groups as well as tention of lower limb muscle group connected to pelvis. For a person with weak body strength, muscle relaxation increases curvature in lumbar, chest and cervical regions. This will induce a pelvic anterior tilting of the imaginary line between A. S. I. S. and P. S. I. S. Hip joint extensor muscle acts on releasing the pelvic anterior tilting. Contrections of hamstring muscle and femoral muscle recover the imaginary line between A.S.LS. and P.S.I.S. from pelvic anterior tilting. thus, contraction of rectus abdominis muscle are required to maintain the normal lumbar curve.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.180-185
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• 2012

Purpose: An accurate preoperative analysis of the patient is essential in orthognathic surgery in order to acquire superior results. In profile, the location of the chin's position may change according to the neck's inclination. This may ultimately affect the amount of surgical movement. During acquisition of cephalometric radiographs, or in supine position, there is a discrepancy in the neck's inclination. This means that there are also various discrepancies between the actual profile and the various preoperative profile images. In the clinical situation, the decision in performing genioplasty usually lies in the analysis of the patient's profile on the operating table at the final stages of orthognathic surgery. This study aims to analyze the different preoperative profile images and to compare their discrepancies. Methods: Fifty eight patients undergoing orthognathic surgery were chosen. These patients were divided into three groups according to angle's classification of malocclusion, as class I, II or III. The right profile of these patients in centric occlusion was taken in natural head position (NHP). This was set as the 'actual profile image.' Another right profile image was taken on the operating table after insertion of the nasotracheal intubation and with muscle relaxants in effect. This was also taken in centric occlusion. The angle (denoted 'A') between the soft tissue glabella-pognion and the true vertical plane was found in the above-mentioned profile images and in the cephalometric radiographs. The differences of these values were analyzed. Results: There were differences in Angle 'A' in all of the preoperative images. These values were however, not statistically significant. Conclusion: In order to gain an esthetic profile during orthognathic surgery, the NHP is shown to be the most reliable position. Images reproducing such head positions should be used in the treatment planning process.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities of the serratus anterior (SA) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles during scapular protraction exercise with a dumbbell. Twenty-one healthy subjects with no medial history of shoulder pain or upper extremity disorders were recruited for this study. Subjects performed scapular protraction at $90^{\circ}$ and $130^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion with a dumbbell in supine and standing positions. The activities of the SA and UT were measured via surface electromyography (EMG) during 4 scapular protraction exercises. A 2 (angle) ${\times}$ 2 (position) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the normalized activities of the SA and UT and the UT/SA ratio. The results showed that activities of both the SA and UT were the highest for the scapular protraction exercise at $130^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion in the standing position. However, the UT/SA ratio was the lowest for the exercise at $90^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion in supine position. Therefore, for selective activation of the SA muscle, we recommend performing the scapular protraction exercise with a dumbbell in the supine position at $90^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the respiratory function in the different body position of the stroke patients. Methods : Twenty patients with stroke patients group(M:12, F:8) and twenty control group(M:12, F:8) were participated in experiment. Strokes patients group and control group were assessed according to position changes(supine position, $45^{\circ}$ sitting position, $90^{\circ}$ sitting position) using pulmonary function(vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume). Results : These findings suggest that supine position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in IC, VC, IRV, ERV(p<.05). $45^{\circ}$ lean sitting position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in IC, VC, ERV(p<.05). 90 sitting position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in VC, IRV, ERV(p<.05). In comparison of two groups, strokes group was more low pulmonary function than normal group. Conclusion : This study showed pulmonary function was more high normal groups than stroke groups. And $90^{\circ}$ sitting position was high pulmonary function than supine position, $45^{\circ}$ lean sitting position. Thus it indicates that the functions will be suggest the objective data of patients with strokes for respiratory function.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.195-204
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of head posture change on initial occlusal contacts through measuring the distances between initial occlusal contacts and maximum intercuspal position at different head posture. Two special devices were designed and constructed. Mandibular movement replicator was used to assess reliability of the K6 diagnostic system(MKG; Myo-tronic Inc, Seatle, USA) and head posture calibrator was used to maintain the constant head posture during experiment. We measured difference of distance between initial occlusal contact and maximum intercuspal position with MKG in upright, supine, 45 degrees extension, 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees right and left bending postion of the head. The Frankfurt horizontal plane was used as a reference plane. 21 adults aged from 23 to 25 were selected, who have normal or class I molar relationship, and have no symptoms on TMJ and masticatory muscles, and have restorations less than 3 surfaces on each tooth, and have no other prosthetic restoration. The obtained results were as follows : The mean absolute distances between initial occlusal contact and maximum intercuspal postion were 0.39(0.18mm in the upright position, 0.65(0.37mm in the supine position, 0.59(0.33mm in the 45 degree extension, 0.70(0.53mm in the 30 degrees flexion, 1.12(1.10mm in the 30 degrees right bending and 1.94(0.67mm in the 30 degrees left bending of the head. The positions of the initial occlusal contacts have a tendency to locate anterior, left and inferior to maximal intercuspal position in upright position, posterior and inferior in supine position and 45 degrees extension, anterior and inferior in 30 degrees flexion, right and inferior in 30 degrees right bending, and left and inferior in 30 degrees left bending of the head. There were significant differences among the initial occlusal contacts in each head postures(P<0.0001). Therefore, we need to check initial occlusal contacts in the altered head posture during occlusal analysis and adjustment of occlusal appliance and dental occlusion for diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorder.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2013

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is defined by a 20-mm Hg difference of systolic blood pressure (dtSBP) and/or a 10-mm Hg difference of diastolic blood pressure (dtDBP) between supine and standing, and OH is associated with a failure of the cardiovascular reflex to maintain blood pressure on standing from a supine position. To understand the underlying genetic factors for OH traits (OH, dtSBP, and dtDBP), genome-wide association studies (GWASs) using 333,651 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were conducted separately for two population-based cohorts, Ansung (n = 3,173) and Ansan (n = 3,255). We identified 8 SNPs (5 SNPs for dtSBP and 3 SNPs for dtDBP) that were repeatedly associated in both the Ansung and Ansan cohorts and had p-values of < $1{\times}10^{-5}$ in the meta-analysis. Unfortunately, the SNPs of the OH case control GWAS did not pass our p-value criteria. Four of 8 SNPs were located in the intergenic region of chromosome 2, and the nearest gene (CTNNA2) was located at 1 Mb of distance. CTNNA2 is a linker between cadherin adhesion receptors and the actin cytoskeleton and is essential for stabilizing dendritic spines in rodent hippocampal neurons. Although there is no report about the function in blood pressure regulation, hippocampal neurons interact primarily with the autonomic nervous system and might be related to OH. The remaining SNPs, rs7098785 of dtSBP trait and rs6892553, rs16887217, and rs4959677 of dtDBP trait were located in the PIK3AP1 intron, ACTBL2-3' flanking, STAR intron, and intergenic region, respectively, but there was no clear functional link to blood pressure regulation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the influence of respiration on the segmental motion of the lumbar spine in the lying position. Methods: Twelve healthy females without a history of low back pain participated. Lumbosacral lordosis, intervertebral body angles, intervertebral body displacements, and anterior heights of the intervertebral disc of the lumbar spine were measured at inspiration, expiration and forced expiration in the supine and prone positions via fluoroscopy. Results: The results of lumbar kinematic analysis in the supine position according to respiration pattern were as follows. The L4/5 intervertebral body angle was significantly higher at forced expiration than at expiration (p<0.05). The L3/4 anterior height of the intervertebral disc was significantly higher at expiration than at forced inspiration and the L5/S1 anterior height of the intervertebral disc was significantly higher at inspiration than at forced expiration (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the intervertebral body displacements and lumbosacral lordosis in the supine position (p>0.05). The results of lumbar kinematic analysis in the prone position according to respiration pattern were as follows. The L5/S1 anterior height of the intervertebral disc was significantly higher at inspiration than at forced expiration (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the intervertebral body angle, the intervertebral body displacements, and the lumbosacral lordosis (p>0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggested that respiration can affect the intervertebral body angle and anterior height of the intervertebral disc in some segments. The results from this study serve as a step in the development of guidelines for lumbar kinematic analysis for lumbar breathing training.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1020-1031
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• 1998

This study was done to investigate thermal reponses and to obtain the basic information of thermal comfort by sex and posture under the Ondol heating system. Six healthy males and females were exposed to Ondol(Room Temp.: 25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$10%R.H, Floor Temp.:30$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$) on the of posture such as sitting, lying aside and supine on the floor for 30 minutes after 30 minutes' control phase. During the experiment, rectal temperature, skin temperature of 10 areas, local sweating rate, clothing microclimate, subjective sensation were measured. Rectal temperature gradually decreased and mean skin temperature grad-ually increased both male and female in any posture. There was not significant difference between male and female in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature. There were significant difference among the postures in rectal temperature(p<0.001) and mean skin temperature(p<0.001). In lying aside and supine on the floor, appearances of change and changes in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were large, changes of weight were small. In sitting on the floor, appearances of change and changes in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were small, changes of weight were large. The trunk skin tem-perature was higher in female than in male, but the extremity skin temperature was higher in male than in female. In sitting on the floor, foot skin temperature(p<0.001) was higher than any other local skin temperature. In supine on the floor, back skin temperature(p<0.001) was higher than any other local skin temperature.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of the transverse abdominal muscle resulting from changed posture by measuring the thickness of the transverse abdominal muscle in a supine posture, a slouched sitting posture, and an erect sitting posture. The subjects of the study were 28 patients with cerebral palsy. All their transverse abdominal muscles at the end of inhalation were measured at supine, slouched sitting (S sitting) and erect sitting (E sitting) postures by using ultrasonography, and then their dynamic sitting balance was measured at S sitting and E sitting postures by using BioRescue. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare the differences among each the postures. The results were as follows. The thickness of the transverse abdominal muscle when comparing the supine posture and the S sitting posture showed no statistically significant difference. But the E sitting posture showed a statistically significant difference as compared with the others. In addition, the dynamic sitting balance in comparing the S sitting and E sitting postures showed a significant difference. In conclusion, the E sitting posture has a more positive effect on postural control and balance than generally taking the S sitting posture, for the sitting posture of a patient with cerebral palsy. It is suggested that patients with cerebral palsy mainly experiencing a sedentary life or being in a wheelchair should be seated in the E sitting posture during their daily life, and it may be necessary to continue to monitor and manage the proper E sitting posture.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 1996

This study wan described the movement patterns when rising from supine to erect stance in the third through eighth decades. Two hundred fifty six subjects, ranging in age from 30 year to 89 were filmed while rising from a supine position. Movement patterns were classified using categorical descriptions of the action of the upper and lower extremity, head-trunk region. This study was designed to determine whether within the rising task the movement patterns of different regions of the body vary with age level and sex, to describe time by subjects to perform this task. The incidence of each movement pattern was calculated and graphed wi th respect to age level and sex. Erect standing time was increased by age increasing in beth sex group. The most common form of rising for subject in the third through fifth decades both sex usually involved symmeytrical push with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern wi th head-trunk and symmetrical push to push and reach pattern with upper extremity, symmetri cal squat pattern with lower extremity. partial rotation with head-trunk. In the sixth through eighth decades usually involved symmetrical push to push and reach pattern with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern with head-trunk in both sex group.