• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2001

Effects of exposure to a neurotoxicant, fenitrothion on antioxidant enzyme activities in Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) larvae were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Exposure to this chemical led to an increase of cupper, zinc type superoxide dismutase and manganese type superoxide dismutase activities and to a decrease of glutathion peroxidase activity. An activation of catalase was observed in the larvae exposed to high fenitrothion concentration. The response of superoxide dismutase was rapid and sensitive to low chemical concentrations, but changes in catalase, total peroxidase and glutathion peroxidase were less sensitive. In this study, antioxidant enzyme activities in Chironomus riparius larvae were identified as pertinent biomarkers for environmental monitoring.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.289-294
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• 1995

This study was designed to observe the effect of tohiene pretreatment on leukocyte variation in whole blood and the oxygen free radical generating, scavenging enzyme activities in neutrophil of bacteria infected rats. Toluene was administered 7 times intraperitoneally at levels of 9.45 mM/kg body weight to the rats and then infected with S. aureus $2\times10^7$ cfu/ml. The toluene treated-rats showed the significantly decreased numbers of lymphocyte and monocytes, but the similiar numbers of neutrophils with the control. Furthermore the increased neutrophils in blood of bacteria infected rats were reduced by the toluene pretreatment. Concomitantly the increased activities of xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase in neutrophil of bacteria infected rats were also decreased by the toluene pretreatment. On the other hand, injection of benzaldehyde to rats also led to similiar results in the count of leukocytes, xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities of neutrophil with those of toluene treated rats. These data suggest that toluene and its intermediate metabolite, benzaldehyde influence on the phagocytosis and defence mechanism of neutrophil.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.4 s.32
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• pp.371-390
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• 1990

Production of free radicals of superoxide anion in tissues by cadmium, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase to protect tissue damages caused by the free radicals and ATPase that plays an important role in energy metabolism at cellular level were investigated. Experiments in vivo were conducted with liver, kidney and testicle tissue homogenates of rats adding $0.05{\sim}0.50mM$ cadmium chloride, and in vivo experiments administering single dose of 5 mg of cadmium/kg of body weight in 0.1% cadmium chloride solution intraperitoneally 48 hours prior to evisceration. Production of superoxide radicals in liver and testicle increased with addition of cadmium in vitro, but not in kidney. In vivo experiments, however, superoxide radicals slightly increased in liver and kidney but not in testicle. Superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD), catalase and ATPase (total, $Mg^{++}-\;&\;Na^+,\;K^+-$) activity decreased in the presence of cadimium in dose dependent manner. Reduction of these enzyme activities varied not only with dosage of cadmium but also with type of tissue and between in vitro and in vivo experiment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.298-302
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• 1994

Wistar albino rats were injected subcutaneously with mercuric chloride (5 mg/kg) to define the early biochemical determinants that participate in the pathogenesis of mercuric chloride-induced hepatotoxicity, especially focusing on oxygen free radicals, we studied malondialdehyde(MDA) level and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver of rats at 24, 48 and 72 hr after the injection of mercuric chloride. MDA levels at 24, 48 and 72 hr after the injection of mercuric chloride increased as compared with that of control group. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase at 24, 48 and 72hr after the injection of mercuric chloride decreased as compared with that of control group. These results suggest that the depression of the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase resulting from excessive oxygen free radicals is an important determinant in pathogenesis of mercuric chloride-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2002

N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) -induced changes of lipid peroxide content, aldehyde metabolic enzyme activities and antioxidant enzyme activities were examined in cultured rat liver cell. Aldehyde metabolic enzymes tested in this investigation were alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Several antioxidant enzymes tested were glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and catalase. When the cell was exposed with various concentrations of NEU, lipid peroxide content increased about 2.5 fold with 6.25 mM NEU. Maximun 2.3 times higher alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found after NEU treatment. About 2 times higher aldehyde dehydrogenase activity could also be observed. Only slight increases of glutathione transferase and catalase activities occurred with NEU treatment. In addition mnximun 1.5 times higher superoxide dismutase activities and 3 times higher glutathione reductase activities were found after NEU treatment. Therefore, it is likely that the increases of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase could contribute in a antioxidative process against NEU toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1985

This study was carried out to observe the formation of superoxide radicals and the changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC.1.15.1.1.) from the various organs of a rat which was blocked tricarboxylic acid cycle. In order to block the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the beta-fluoroethylacetate was injected into peritoneal cavity of rat and removed the various tissues from the rat at internals of an hour. By tissue extracts being prepared by the method of Weigiger and Fridovich the activities of superoxide dismutase, aconitase, and contents of bliid glucose, citrates, and wuperoxide radicals were determined. The experimental results are summarized as follows: Accumulation of citrates if increased within three hours after treatment in the all tested tissues, especially, in the geart and spleen they are higher than one of other tissues as 12 and 20 times of control. The activities of aconitase are ingibited to 30-35% on an hour after beta-fluoroethylacetate treatment comparing with that of control rat. The content of blood glucose is increased to 1.6 fold of normal value after 5 hours of treatment. In all tested tissues, superoxide radicals are formed in the heart as 0.26 micromoles per gram tissue between one and three hours after treatment. The activities of total superoxide dismutase are increased between one and three hours after treatment in the all tested tissues and one of these enzymes in heart is highest. The activities of superoxide dismutase containing Mn are also increased with an increase of total superoxide dismutase activities.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.349-354
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• 2008

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were investigated from the portions of shoots and roots in accordance with developmental stage and in response to environmental stress and antioxidants using Rhodiola-seedlings. The rates of SOD activities were revealed highly at the portion of roots and its tip of seedlings in the latter stages rather than the initial stages. SOD activities of seedlings in the initial stages treated with sodium chloride and cadmium as environmental stressors showed the decrease by 15 and 30% with respect to the control, respectively. However, in spite of stressor-treatments, the activities in the roots were increased according to the growth period showing a maximum rate of up to 45%. Also, SOD activities of the seedling treated with ascorbic acid as a antioxidant were increased by 46% of control value, but this was similar to the rate revealed in the presence of stressors. These results suggest that SOD activities in Rhodiola-seedlings may be related with the important defence-system against injurious environments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract (5.5 mg/mouse ip) on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase and catalase in the liver of the gamma ray irradiated male mice. The experimental groups consisted of control, red ginseng extract injection group, irradiation (8 $Gy^{60}$Co) group and red ginseng extract injection after irradiation group. in red ginseng extract injection group, SOD, peroxidase and catalase activities were similar to that in the control group. In irradiation group SOD, peroxidase and catalase activities increased progressively until the 2nd day after the treatment and then decreased thereafter, whereas red ginseng extract injection after irradiation group recovered more rapidly than irradiation group. The above results suggested that red ginseng extract injection after irradiation group have the recovery effects on the activities of SOD, peroxidase and catalase after radiation injury in the liver of male mice.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.309-316
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• 2004

The present investigation was undertaken to find out the anticancer activity of monoterpene compounds. Monoterpenes showed generally the inhibitory effect on the proliferation o f L1210 cancer cells (cytotoxicity). Geraniol was found to exibit the most potent cytotoxic effect on L1210 cells with an IC50 values of $0.67{\mu}g/ml$. On the other hand, geraniol proved to be capable of stimulating the macrophage proliferation (135% of control). When the life prolonging activity of geraniol by daily oral administration of 0.1~10${\mu}g/10{\mu}l/20$ g body weight to Sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mouse was examined, there was also a significant elevation of survival (best result of 134% of control). The contradictory effects of geraniol on the proliferation of L1210 cells and macrophages proved to be accompanied by the coincident alterations of RNS (reactive nitrogen species) related enzymes activities such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (Inos) in macrophages and ROS (reactive oxygen species) related enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) in L1210 cells, respectively.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.460-468
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• 1992

Several bichemical parameters related to free radicals were estimated in senile-prone (P) and resistant(R) strains of male senescence-accelerated mice(SAM) at 2, 5 and 11 months of age. The superoxide generation was increased with age in SAM-R/1 and SAM-P/2. Compared to SAM-R/1, more generation of superoxide was significantly noted in the SAM-P/2 liver. The activities of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and catalase were decreased during aging and these activities in SAM-P/2 were significantly lower than in SAM-R/l liver. The activities of glutathione S-transferase were varied with aging, whereas SAM-P/2 showed lower levels compared to SAM-R/l. The gradual decreases of glutathione, protein bound-SH and nonprotein bound-SH contents were noted with increasing age. SAM-P/2 liver contained lesser amounts of glutathione and nonprotein bound-SH compared to SAM-R. In conclusion, superoxide generation was increased whereas the antioxidant enzyme activities were decreased during aging in SAM-R/1. In addition, SAM-P/2 strain showed more superoxide generation and less antioxidant enzyme activities than SAM-R/1 in the liver, thus we assume that these factors might accelerate the senescence of SAM-P/2 strain.