• 한방비만학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2008

Objectives This study was performed to find out the characters about distribution of abdominal fat(especially superficial and deep subcutaneous fat) in obese premenopausal Korean women. Methods 39 obese premenopausal women were recruited in 2008. Anthropometry and body impedance analysis have been done and abdominal fat distribution had been assessed by computed tomography scan at the level of L4-5. Blood test and questionnaires about depression, eating attitude and physical activity were underwent. Result Abdominal total fat area, subcutaneous fat area including superficial and deep were significantly correlated with anthropometry and BIA result while visceral fat was correlated only with age and waist circumference. In blood profile, only visceral fat area was correlated with HDL cholesterol and triglyceride. And there were no correlation among questionnaires and abdominal fat. There were no difference between superficial and deep subcutaneous fat. Conclusion Abdominal subcutaneous fat including superficial and deep did not have any correlation with heart risk factor. superficial and deep subcutaneous fat had no differences with each other and they did not show any correlation with visceral fat in obese perimenopausal Korean women.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.535-546
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• 2010

Purpose: The subcutaneous fat tissue is separated into 2 layers by the subcutaneous fascia: the superficial and deep fat layers. The two fat layers have different structures according to the body regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the distribution and pattern of the two fat layers in the human body by computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis according to age, sex, anatomical region, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This study included 200 males and 200 females who underwent 64-channel dynamic CT in our hospital. The patients were divided into 5 groups according to 10 years of their ages separately in either male or female gender. The thickness of the superficial and deep fat layers was measured in the abdominal, pelvic, and femoral regions, and we analyzed the values. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. The $3{\times}3$-cm whole fat layers were harvested from the same sites of 3 cadavers for histological examination, and one cadaver was dissected for gross evaluation. Results: The total thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue was greater in females than in males, and the ratio of the superficial fat layer to the whole fat layer was higher in females. The superficial fat layer became thinner with increasing age in males. As BMI increased, the total fat layer became thicker, and the superficial fat layer became thicker than the deep fat layer. On histological examination, the superficial fat layer had small adipose lobules and showed a densely distributed pattern in the abdominal region, whereas in the femoral region, it had large adipose lobules and showed a sparsely distributed pattern. There were no significant differences in the histological findings of the deep fat layer between the 3 body regions. Conclusion: Significant differences in histological findings of the two fat layers were found in relation to age, sex, anatomical region, and BMI. The superficial fat layer became thinner with increasing age in males, but it was constant in females. As BMI increased, the total thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue became greater, and the superficial fat layer became thicker than the deep fat layer. Our measurements can be used to understand the characteristics of the fat layers in relation to age, sex, anatomical region, and BMI.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2024

The temporal fascia is a double lamina sandwiching a thick fat layer above the zygomatic bony arch. To characterize each lamina, their developmental processes were examined in fetuses. We observed histological sections from 22 half-heads of 10 mid-term fetuses at 14-18 weeks (crown-rump length, 95-150 mm) and 12 near-term fetuses at 26-40 weeks (crown-rump length, 215-334 mm). The superficial lamina of the temporal fascia was not evident at mid-term. Instead, a loose subcutaneous tissue was attached to the thin, deep lamina of the temporal fascia covering the temporalis muscle. At near-term, the deep lamina became thick, while the superficial lamina appeared and exhibited several variations: i) a mono-layered thick membrane (5 specimens); ii) a multi-layered membranous structure (6) and; iii) a cluster of independent thick fasciae each of which were separated by fatty tissues (1). In the second and third patterns, fatty tissue between the two laminae was likely to contain longitudinal fibrous bands in parallel with the deep lamina. Varying proportions of the multi-layered superficial lamina were not attached to the zygomatic arch, but extended below the bony arch. Whether or not lobulation or septation of fatty tissues was evident was not dependent on age. The deep lamina seemed to develop from the temporalis muscle depending on the muscle contraction. In contrast, the superficial lamina developed from subcutaneous collagenous bundles continuous to the cheek. Therein, a difference in development was clearly seen between two categories of the fasciae.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.537-543
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• 2002

The purpose of the present study was to investigate structural stability of extensive laminectomy and the effect of subcutaneous fat autograft on restricting formation of postlaminectomy membrane (fibrous tissue). Eighteen healthy dogs of both sexes and of mixed breeding were divided into 6 groups : (1) unilateral hemilaminectomy (group H) on 3rd, 4th and 7th vertebrae ; (2) modified dorsal laminectomy (group D) on 3rd, 4th and 7th vertebrae. Hemilaminectomies were carried out incontinuously at 16 sites in 4 dogs, then subcutaneous fat autografts (group F) were applied to 8 laminectomy sites and no treatment (group C) was assigned to 8 laminectomy sites, too. Operating time of group H ($30.9{\pm}10.4$ minutes) was significantly shorter (p<0.05) than that of group D ($43.1{\pm}12.2$ minutes), but surgical hemorrhage of group H is severer than that of group D. General states, such as standing, gait, defecation and urination, were normal. Upper motor neuron/lower motor neuron signs were not found and superficial/deep pain, proprioception and anal sphincter tone were normal. Gross postmortem findings were similar in all groups. The laminectomy sites of groups H and D were filled with fibous connective tissue at 4 months after operation and histopathological abnormalities of spinal cord were not found. One of eight laminectomy sites in group F was filled with fibrous tissue at 2 months after operation, but all operating sites of group C were covered with fibrous tissue. The present study indicated that extensive laminectomy on 7 vertebrae, using unilateral hemilaminectomy and modified dorsal laminectomy technique, maintained structural stability and subcutaneous fat autograft was effective on reducing the formation of fibrous membrane in laminectomy sites.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.261-273
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to figure out the effects of herbal mesotherapy on abdominal fat in obese women. Methods : Forty obese women those who were diagnosed abdominal obesity had been recruited during February, 2008. They were randomly assigned experimental or control group under block-randomization. Experimental group were treated with Sobi-eum(Xiaofei-yin) injection during 6 weeks (2 times a week) and placebo group were treated with normal saline injection under same procedures. Anthropometry, body impedance analysis, fat computed tomography, blood test, and questionnaires had been administered before and after the treatment. Results : Four subjects were dropped out (voluntary give up), so 18 in experimental group and 18 in placebo group were evaluated. There were significant changes after treatments in both groups. Although no significant differences have been found in the result of anthropometry, body impedance analysis and fat computed tomography between two groups, in the experimental group, the changes of total fat area had a highly significant relationship with all part of abdominal fat. While the placebo group had highly significant relationships with subcutaneous fat area, superficial and deep subcutaneous fat area but not with visceral fat area. Conclusions : Compaired with saline group, herbal mesotheraphy Sobi-eum(Xiaofei-yin) is effective in reduction of visceral fat after adjusting TFA.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제83권2호
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• pp.406-413
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• 2022

악성 건초 거대세포종은 매우 드물며 양성 거대 세포 종양 이후 발생하거나 함께 발생할 수 있다. 저자들은 임파종을 가진 73세 남자 환자에서 왼쪽 무릎의 표재성 연부 종양으로 나타난 드문 악성 거대 세포 종양에 대해 보고한다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2007

Purpose: Aging changes of midface include drooping of lower lid, wrinkles of malar area, orbitomalar groove and deepening of nasolabial fold from drooping of malar fat pad. Improvement of lower lid can be achieved through lower blepharoplasty, but improvement of cheek can not be gained. Superficial subciliary cheek lift(by Moelleken, 1996) is a method that lifts malar fat pad through extended subciliary incision. We obtained simultaneous improvement of lower lid, malar wrinkles and orbitomalar groove with modification of this technique. Methods: From December 2003 to January 2006, we performed this method on 21 patients among volunteers for lower blepharoplasty who wanted to correct orbitomalar groove and malar wrinkles. Under local anesthesia, lateral extension of subciliary incision is done 1cm from the lateral orbital rim. Skin-muscle flap is elevated, and dealing of orbital fat and septum is the same as with ordinary lower blepharoplasty. After downward subcutaneous dissection through extended incision, exposing the upper 1/3 level of malar fat pad, superolateral fixation is done to superior deep temporal fascia. Excision of the upper part of fat pad is performed, if needed. After excision of overlapped skin-muscle flap, skin closure is done. Results: We obtained satisfactory results with this simple method for improvement of orbitomalar groove and malar wrinkles among patients for lower blepharoplasty. During a follow-up period of 5 months on the average, no revision was performed. Conclusion: Under local anesthesia, lower blepharoplasty and improvement of orbitomalar groove and malar wrinkles can be achieved at the same time. It is good for patients who do not want conventional midface-lifting. But surgeons should select patients and perform cautiously for it may leave a scar of the extended incision that require over 2 months for maturation and it is insufficient for improvement of nasolabial fold compared to conventional mid face-lifts.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.153-159
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• 1991

외상성, 혹은 선천적 결손으로 인한 함몰부에 사용한 자가 유리지방 이식은 잘 알려진 방법이다. 이를 위해 사용되는 주된 공여부는 복부나 둔부의 피하지방이었다. 그러나, 1977 년 Egyedi는 협지방대를 유경피판으로 처음 사용하였다. 협지방대는 안면골 절단술시, 협측 피판을 들어올릴 때, 혹은 이하선관 수술 같은 구강내 수술시 항상 귀찮은 구조물로써, 수술 시야를 방해한다. 협지방대는 매우 세밀한 막으로 둘러싸인 소엽형태의 볼록한 물질로, body와 네 개의 prccess들로 구성된다. 이 돌기들은 여러 근육층 사이의 충전물로 작용하며, 유아에서는 sucking시 보조작용으로, 성인에서는 윤활재로 사용되기도 한다. 본 교실에서는 협지방대를 사용하여 세 증례의 협골 함몰부에, 그리고 한 증례의 비순구 재건을 위해 사용한 바, 양호한 결과를 얻었기에 문헌고찰과 함께 증례보고를 하는 바이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.417-421
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• 2018

카르복시테라피(Carboxytherapy)는 메조테라피(mesotherapy)와 방법, 치료 조건 및 결과 면에서 매우 유사하다. 그러나 중요한 차이점은 카르복시테라피는 이산화탄소 가스를 피부 바로 아래의 피하층으로 주입하는 반면 메조테라피는 비타민, 미네랄, 그리고 약물의 혼합물을 주입한다는 것이다. 메조테라피의 합병증으로 혈종, 파누스육아종, 봉와직염, 농양 등 이전에 많은 사례들이 보고되었으나, 카르복시테라피는 피하 및 얕은층에 이산화탄소를 주입하고, 이산화탄소는 주입 1주일 안에 흡수되기 때문에 부작용이 거의 보고 되지 않았다. 3일전과 2주전에 한의원에서 카르복시테라피를 받은 29세 여자 환자가 고열, 근육통, 심한 요통 및 엉덩이 부위부터 아래쪽 흉벽까지 피하 기종을 주소로 응급실에 내원하였다. 진단 및 치료를 위해 컴퓨터 단층 촬영을 시행하였으며, 즉시 영상의학과에 판단을 의뢰하였다. 바늘에 의한 손상으로 인한 급성 복막염을 배제할 수 없어 즉각적인 광범위항생제를 투여하였으며, 판독 결과 근육염과 바늘 손상으로 인한 신우신염이 확진되었다. 신우 신염의 경우 적절한 치료가 이루어지지 않으면 패혈증까지 진행할 수 있어 치명적인 결과를 초래 할 수 있다. 따라서 만일 바늘에 찔리거나 침을 맞은 후에 환자가 늑골척추부위나 허리에 통증이 있는 경우 응급의학과 의사는 진단 및 치료를 위해 신속한 초기 평가가 필요하다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2024

The tarsus in dogs has a complex structure that makes its evaluation relatively challenging. Because an accurate diagnosis of the tarsus is difficult through basic examinations alone, imaging tests are essential. Previous studies have explored the anatomical and radiological features of the canine tarsus using several imaging modalities. However, the imaging utility of the tarsus across different modalities has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study aimed to visualize the tarsal structures using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography, compare their utility, and propose suitable imaging modalities and conditions for evaluating specific tarsal structures. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound scans of the tarsus of four healthy dogs were performed, and two observers rated the utility of each image on a five-point scale. Although MRI is more beneficial for assessing the tarsal structures than ultrasound, ultrasound also appears clinically useful for evaluating the cranial tibialis muscle, deep digital flexor tendon, subcutaneous fat, joint space, and superficial digital flexor tendon. In addition, each structure of interest can be evaluated for optimal visibility using specific ultrasound sections, MRI sequences, and planes. In veterinary clinical practice, an initial assessment using ultrasound imaging with optimal visibility is required and if further evaluation is necessary, MRI examinations with optimal MRI sequences and planes can be performed.