• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.54-60
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the reaction in variable light environments on shade tolerant species, Chloranthus glaber. We raised Chloranthus glaber seedlings under four light conditions: PPFD 400, 250, $100\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and full sunlight (PPFD $1600\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$). Using 2 years old seedlings, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance and intercellular $CO_2$ concentration were investigated. Shaded seedlings had higher chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rates, and stomatal conductance, but not higher intercellular $CO_2$ concentration than those in the full sun treatment. This result suggested that growth and physiology of Chloranthus glaber adapted to low light intensity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

We examined seedlings of two species (Ilex rotunda and Illicium anisatum) which have a different level of shade tolerance and raised them under different light regimes (full sunlight and 50% shading). After 12 months, we investigated chlorophyll content (Chl. a, Chl. b and Chl. a+b), photosynthetic systems (photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, dark respiration rate and quantum yield), intercellular $CO_2$ concentration and water use efficiency to show acclimation reaction to different light conditions. Seedlings grown under full sunlight showed lower chlorophyll content than those in the shading regime. There was a significant difference between the full sunlight and shade treatments in I. anisatum (shade tolerance species). I. rotunda (intermediate species) showed high photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency over PPFD $1000\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ to full sunlight. Also, I. anisatum grown under full sunlight showed lower photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency over a range of all PPFD. This result showed that I. rotunda has a more flexible reaction system than that of I. anisatum.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2012

To see sunlight condition around in storage room, this study analyzers the scope both of sunlight and of the shade of sun into upper and lower window according to seasons. For this, this study investigates sun's seasonal changes, its effect of sunlight and notes antinomic conditions for ventilation and draft performance. In this, Architects of Jangkyunggak tride to block discoloration and fading due to ultraviolet rays and visible rays and block deterioration drying of the surface of Kyung-Pan due to infrared rays by oppressing sunlight flowing by means of narrowing the area of the upper window at front face that has a direct influence of Pan-Ga to avoid the exposure to direct sunlight.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2011

The sundials produced in King Sejong era had the functions of accurate observation instruments and were fabricated in various forms such as Angbuilgu (hemispherical sundial). In this study, we investigated the literature, structural characteristics and principles of Hyeonjuilgu, Cheonpyeongilgu and Jeongnamilgu that were developed in Joseon to have the unique structures. Additionally, the sundials were reviewed in the perspective of technical history by comparing them with the sundials of China. For the restoration of the sundials, we identified the principle in which the light spots and shade of the sun were used, and drew the variations of the altitude and azimuth by the yearly motion of the sun on the Siban on the hemispheric and flat surfaces. Based on these results, we completed the design drawings of the three sundials and proposed the restoration models.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.205-217
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• 1992

For all the variety of past studies on the pyramids of Old Kingdom of Egypt, they still basically remain in 'enigma and mystery' as Giedion rightly puts in. This paper deals directly with the three most obvious facts about the pyramids : their cardinal orientation, the varying slopes, and above all, their magnitude. The prominent triangles of their once polished faces were there to be seen from the Nile valley as they shined or shaded under the Sun. The northern faces, especially, went in and out of the Sun in accordence with the seasonal variation of the solar declination, The steeper northern faces which turned into shade in high summer noon could have been warning signs of oncoming inundation of Nile, and the milder slopes that suddenly began to shine in some early spring noons could have been the vernal alarms to awaken the peasants to their timely toil on the fresh land. Dates and hours of insolation on the northern faces of pyramids are graphically and numerically computed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1990

During prolonged exposure to the sun for 8 h each day for 10 days in which the highest ambient temperature around 14:00 h was $39^{\circ}C$, buffaloes exposed to the sun without shade increased the turnover of body water by 35% and 76% on day 5 and day 10 of exposure respectively. The total body water markedly decreased on day five and this amount was maintained thereafter. Plasma and blood volumes did not change significantly on day five but markedly decreased on day 10. Packed cell volume significantly decreased on day five and day 10 of the exposure period. The reduction of packed cell volume on day 10 coincided with the decrease in total plasma water. On day 10 of the exposure, an increase in the rate of liquid flow from the rumen was noted. It is concluded that on the fifth day of exposure, the increase in the evaporative cooling process was attributed to initial mobilization of water from the intracellular compartment. The reduction of both plasma and cell volumes occurring from day five to day 10 indicated a loss of body water from both intracellular and extracellular compartments.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.20-28
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• 2003

This study was subjected to compare seasonal changes of survival rate, relative growth rate, and chlorophyll contents of major oak tree species including Quercus acctissima, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus varibilis seedlings grown in Quercus acctissima forest under different light intensities. Three light intensities were 81% of sunlight, 34% of sunlight and 21% of sunlight. In each treatment, 100 tree seedlings were planted and survival rate, growth rate, and chlorophyll contents were measured. The highest survival rate was Quercus acctissima in 73% seedlings compared with those subjected to the other tree seedlings in 45~66%. Lowest survival rate was Quercus vnriabilis seedlings in 41%. Oaks tree species of the height, the root collar diameters of the relative growth were better in the seedlings grown in 81% light intensities of full sun. But growth rates decreased rapidly in the shade treatment of 21% light intensities of full sun. Lowest chlorophyll contents(chlorophyll a, b and total) were shown at 21% light intensities of full sun, lowest light intensity treatment in this study This result is thought growth and chlorophyll contents associated with light intensity Also, Physiological characteristics has to be investigated in near future because photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents were strongly related to tree growth with long periods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.84-97
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• 2016

This study was to investigate the user's thermal environments of the children's parks according to pavements and sunscreen types during periods of heat waves. The measurements were conducted at the sand pits, rubber chip pavement, shelters, and green shade ground of the two children's parks located in Jinju, Korea(Chilam: $N\;35^{\circ}11^{\prime}1.4{^{\prime}^{\prim}}$, $E\;128^{\circ}5^{\prime}31.7{^{\prime}^{\prime}}$, elevation 38m, Gaho: $N\;35^{\circ}09^{\prime}56.8{^{\prime}^{\prime}}$, $E\;128^{\circ}6^{\prime}41.1{^{\prime}^{\prime}}$, elevation 24m) over three days during 11-13, August, 2016. The highest ambient air temperatures at the Jinju Meteorological Office during the three measurement days were $35.9{\sim}36.8^{\circ}C$, which corresponded with the extremely hot weather. A series of experiments measured air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, black globe temperature, and long-wave and short-wave radiation of the six directions 0.6 m above ground level. The wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT) and the universal thermal climatic index(UTCI) were used to evaluate thermal stress. Surface temperature images of the play equipment were also taken using infrared thermography. Surface temperatures of the play equipment and grounds were used to evaluate burn risk through contact with playground materials. The results showed the following. The maximum air temperatures averaged over 1-hour period for three days were $36.6{\sim}39.4^{\circ}C$. The sun shades reduced those temperatures by up to $2.8^{\circ}C$(green shade) and $1.0^{\circ}C/2.3^{\circ}C$(shelters). The minimum relative humidity values averaged over 1-hour period for three days were 44~50%. The sun shades increased those humidity values by up to 6%(green shade) and 4%/6%(shelters). The risk of heat related illness at the measurement sites of the children's parks were extreme and high in the daytime hours. The maximum WBGT values averaged over a 30-minute period for three days were $31.2{\sim}33.6^{\circ}C$. The sun shades reduced those WBGT values by up to $2.4^{\circ}C$(green shade) and $0.5^{\circ}C/2.1^{\circ}C$(shelters) compared to sandpits, but would not block the risk of heat related illness in the daytime hours. The category of heat stress at the measurement sites of the children's parks were extreme and very strong in the daytime hours. The maximum UTCI values averaged over a 30-minute period for three days were $39.9{\sim}48.1^{\circ}C$. The sun shades reduced those UTCI values by up to $7.8^{\circ}C$(green shade) and $4.1^{\circ}C/8.2^{\circ}C$(shelters) compared to sandpits, but could not lower heat stress category from extreme and very strong to strong and moderate in the daytime hours. According to the burn threshold criteria when skin was in contact with playground materials, the maximum surface temperature of the stainless steels($70.8^{\circ}C$) surpassed three seconds $60^{\circ}C$ threshold for uncoated steel, that of the rubber chip($76.5^{\circ}C$) surpassed five seconds $74^{\circ}C$ threshold for the plastic, that of the plastic slide($68.5^{\circ}C$) and seats($71.0^{\circ}C$) surpassed the one min $60^{\circ}C$ threshold for plastic, respectively. The surface temperatures of shaded play equipment were lower approximately $20^{\circ}C$ than those of play equipment exposed to the sun. Therefore, sun shades can block the risk of burns in daytime hours. Because of the extreme and high risk of heat related illness and extreme and high heat stress at the children's parks during periods of heat waves, parents and administrators must protect children from the use of playgrounds. The risk of burn when contact with play equipments and grounds at the children's parks during periods of heat waves, was very high. The sun shades are essential to block the risk of burn from play equipments and grounds at the children's parks during heat waves.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2017

Cycling has become a popular leisure activity, and many cycling enthusiasts have used cycling clothes as a form of expression, which often comes in wide range of colors. The study shows the importance of color in cycling clothing to meet the emotional needs of consumers. Furthermore, this study aims to provide comparative analysis between color of domestic and overseas cycling clothing brands, and color preference of Korean consumers in order to provide data, which can be used in satisfying consumers' needs for personal expression and emotional demands. Thus, the study expects to identify consumers' satisfaction for cycling clothing. The consumers were categorized by the frequency of cycling and their interest in fashion, and the following categories were made:potential consumers, casual cyclists with low fashion involvement, casual cyclists with high fashion involvement and frequent cyclists with high fashion involvement. Consumers preferred dark colors for their cycling clothing including jacket, top and pants, while 'frequent cyclists with high fashion involvement' preferred more diverse colors and tones. In the cycling clothing market, white and black were major colors, while red, orange and blue were major colors of chromatic color. In terms of shade, dark shade dominated the market. Comparing between preferred color and preferred product color, black was preferred for both, but no other colors showed such tendency. This study is based on empirical analysis and verification of color, which is the emotional element appealing to specific and segmented sports-apparel market. The study revealed that the data could be applicable to the design of future products.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of shading (0, 35, 55, 75, 95% to incident sunlight) on the growth of Hedera rhombea Bean and Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. in order to determine optimum light intensity for ground cover plants. H. rhombea showed a upright growth type under 95% shading and P. terminalis was highest under 35% shading. Number of branches was not significantly affected by shading levels. Stem diameter and length were reduced under shading from 35% to 95%. Leaf growth was vigorous under 35% and 55% shade condition. Leaves became longer with decreasing light intensity, but shorter in 95% shading than control. There was a slight trend that total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, b contents increased with decreasing light intensity, and so did chlorophyll a/b ratio. Fresh and dry weight of both plants were higher under 35, 55, and 75% shading than control and 95% shading. Specific leaf weight tended to decrease with reduction of light intensity. Thus, optimum light intensity for growth of them may be 35 and 55% shading of incident sunlight. In addition, it is possible to grow them under even 75% shading of incident sunlight.