• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.757-765
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• 2011

Many studies have suggested that the behavioral and reinforcing effects of morphine are induced by hyperactivation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, which results in increases in locomotor activity, c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In order to investigate the effect of wild ginseng (WG) on treating morphine addiction, we examined the behavioral sensitization of locomotor activity and c-Fos and TH expression in the rat brain using immunohistochemistry. Intraperitioneal injection of WG (100 and 200 mg/kg), 30 min before administration of a daily injection of morphine (40 mg/kg, s.c.), significantly inhibited morphine-induced increases in c-Fos expression in NAc and TH expression in VTA as well as in locomotor activity, as compared with Panax ginseng. It was demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of WG on the behavioral sensitization after repeated exposure to morphine was closely associated with the reduction of dopamine biosynthesis and postsynaptic neuronal activity. It suggests that WG extract may be effective for inhibiting the behavioral effects of morphine by possibly modulating the central dopaminergic system and that WG might be a useful resource to develop an agent for preventing and treating morphine addiction.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.342-347
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate change of ginsenoside contents according to tissue ratio in ginseng root by age and diameter. The epidermis-cortex and xylem-pith extent, fresh weight, dry weight of ginseng increased with the root age increase. They increased higher in xylem-pith than in epidermis-cortex. The ratio of epidermis-cortex decreased and xylem-pith increased as the main root diameter increased. In case of same diameter, the xylem-pith ratio increased by the increase of root age. The epidermis-cortex ratio was 4 > 5 > 6 years, respectively. The total 10 ginsenosides of epidermis- cortex increased with the root age increase. However, the total ginsenoside of xylem-pith decreased and it was 2~5 times lower than epidermis-cortex. The most of ginsenoside contents existed in epidermis-cortex. The diameter decrease in main root is related to the increase of epidermis-cortex ratio. It leads to increase of ginsenoside contents. In order to select high level of ginsenoside cultivar, it suggested that it should be selected main root having narrow diameter and lower epidermis- cortex ratio.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2006

The therapeutic effect of tissue cultured root of mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng) (tcMG) on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodaibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced toxicity in rat was investigated. The rats were assigned into three groups (10 rats/group), control, TCDD exposed group and tcMG treated group after TCDD exposed. $50\;{\mu}g/kg$ of TCDD was injected by i.p. for TCDD exposed group and 30 mg/kg of tcMG saponin was administered for 4 weeks by oral gavage for tcMG treated group. The weights of body, spleen, kidney, thymus, testes and epididymides were decreased in the single TCDD treatment. However these organs was significantly recovered by tcMG saponin except thymus (p<0.05). tcMG decreased the level of hepatic demage maker enzymes, AST and ALP. It also lowered total cholesterol and triglyceride. The level of serum triglyceride was significantly decreased in tcMG saponin treated group compared with the control. Histopathological examination revealed morphological change in the liver spleen, thymus and testes of TCDD treated rats. However they were relatively well preserved in the tcMG treatment group. In conclusion, TCDD induced toxicity was some repaired by tcMG. tcMG may be useful for prevention and treatment of TCDD induced toxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2022

Background: 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD), one of the main active metabolites of ginseng, performs a broad spectrum of anti-tumor effects. Our aims are to search out new strategies to enhance anti-tumor effects of natural products, including 20(S)-PPD. In recent years, fasting has been shown to be multi-functional on tumor progression. Here, the effects of fasting combined with 20(S)-PPD on hepatocellular carcinoma growth, apoptosis, migration, invasion and cell cycle were explored. Methods: CCK-8 assay, trypan blue dye exclusion test, imagings photographed by HoloMonitorTM M4, transwell assay and flow cytometry assay were performed for functional analyses on cell proliferation, morphology, migration, invasion, apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle. The expressions of genes on protein levels were tested by western blot. Tumor-bearing mice were used to evaluate the effects of intermittent fasting combined with 20(S)-PPD. Results: We firstly confirmed that fasting-mimicking increased the anti-proliferation effect of 20(S)-PPD in human HepG2 cells in vitro. In fasting-mimicking culturing medium, the apoptosis and necrosis induced by 20(S)-PPD increased and more cells were arrested at G0-G1 phase. Meanwhile, invasion and migration of cells were decreased by down-regulating the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in fasting-mimicking medium. Furthermore, the in vivo study confirmed that intermittent fasting enhanced the tumor growth inhibition of 20(S)-PPD in H22 tumor-bearing mice without obvious side effects. Conclusion: Fasting significantly sensitized HCC cells to 20(S)-PPD in vivo and in vitro. These data indicated that dietary restriction can be one of the potential strategies of chinese medicine or its active metabolites against hepatocellular carcinoma.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.1660-1665
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• 2010

홍삼 파우치 제품의 성분 및 제조방법의 표준화를 위한 일환으로 국내 유통 중인 홍삼 파우치의 사포닌 함량 및 이화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 총 ginsenoside 함량은 5.5~185.7 mg/100 mL의 함량을 나타내었고 항암효과로 알려진 ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_2$, $Rh_1$과 $Rh_2$의 함량 분포는 $Rg_3$는 1.6~46.3 mg/100 mL, $Rg_2$는 미검출~22.0 mg/100 mL, $Rh_1$은 미검출~4.3 mg/100 mL, $Rh_2$는 미검출~20.4 mg/100 mL의 분포를 나타내었다. 항 당뇨 효과가 있는 ginsenoside $Rb_2$와 Re의 함량분포는 $Rb_2$는 미검출~10.8 mg/100 mL, Re는 미검출~7.0 mg/100 mL의 함량을 나타내었으며 그 밖의 사포닌 중 ginsenoside $Rb_1$는 미검출~25.2 mg/100 mL, Rc는 미검출~12.5 mg/100 mL, Rd는 미검출~11.3 mg/100 mL, Rf는 미검출~5.9 mg/100 mL, $Rg_1$는 미검출~4.4 mg/100 mL까지의 함량 분포를 보였다. 이화학적 특성 분석결과 총당함량은 226.6~3,102.9 mg/100 mL, 당도는 $1.4\sim9.5^{\circ}Bx$, 탁도는 82.2~100.0%, pH는 4.1~5.0의 범위를 나타내었다. 국내에서 수집한 홍삼 파우치 제품의 약 50%(21~24개 제품)가 ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, $Rg_1$이 미검출 되었으며, 각 제품별 사포닌 함량 차이가 매우 크게 나타나, 국내유통 중인 홍삼 제품에 대한 기준 설정 및 생산방법의 표준화가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.86-94
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• 1994

인삼(人蔘)의 광합성(光合成)이 콩보다 낮은 원인(原因)을 밝혀 인삼(人蔘)의 수량증대(收量增大)와 육종(育種)을 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)로 삼고저 자경종(紫莖種) 2년생(年生) 인삼식물(人蔘植物)에서 분리(分離)한 잎을 재료(材料)로 광합성(光合成)과 수분함량(水分含量), 기공식도도(氣孔植導度), 그리고 수분(水分) potential을 조사(調査)하고 콩과 비교(比較)하였다. 1. 동일(同一)한 광도(光度)에서 광합성(光合成)은 인삼(人蔘)이 콩보다 작았으며 광합성(光合成)에 대한 포화광도(飽和光度)도 약 $30{\mu}E\;/\;m^2\;/\;s$로 콩의 약 $800{\mu}E\;/\;m^2\;/\;s$보다 낮았다. 2. 분리(分離)한 잎에서 광합성(光合成)은 인삼(人蔘)이 콩보다 빠르게 감소(減少)하였으며 $20^{\circ}C$에서보다 $30^{\circ}C$에서 더 빨랐다. 또한 광합성(光合成)이 정지(停止)하는 시간(時間)도 인삼(人蔘)잎이 콩잎보다, $20^{\circ}C$에서보다 $30^{\circ}C$에서 더 짧았다. 3. 잎의 수분감소(水分減少速度)는 인삼(人蔘)이 콩보다 느렸고 광합성(光合成)이 정지(停止)되는 수분함량(水分含量)은 인삼(人蔘)잎(약$70{\sim}71%$)이 콩잎$(50{\sim}63%)$보다 높았다. 4. 수분함량(水分含量)파 광합성(光合成)과는 인삼(人蔘)과 콩 모두 온도(溫度)에 무관(無關)하게 각각(各各) 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었는데, 광합성(光合成)은 동일(同一)한 수분함량(水分含量)에서 인삼(人蔘)이 콩보다작았다. 5. 기공식도도(氣孔傳導度)와 광합성(光合成)과는 인삼(人蔘)과 콩 모두 두 온도(溫度)$(20^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C)$에서 무관(無關)하게 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었으며, $20^{\circ}C$에서는 인삼(人蔘)의 기공식도도(氣孔傳導度) 범위(範圍)$(40mmo1\;/\;m^2\;이하)$에서 인삼(人蔘)과 콩의 광합성양(光合成量)은 비슷하였다. 6. 수분(水分) potential 엽수분함량(葉水分含量)이 동일(同一)한 조건(條件)에서 콩보다 인삼(人蔘)이 낮았으며, 수분(水分) potential과 광합성(光合成) 및 기공식도도(氣孔傳導度)와는 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이있었다. 7. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)해 볼 때, 인삼(人蔘)의 광합성(光合成)이 타식물(他植物)보다 낮은 것은 기공식도도(氣孔傳導度)와 수분(水分) potential이 낮은 것과도 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.332-340
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• 2013

In this study, gamma rays were used to irradiate embryogenic calli induced from cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng Meyer. After the embryogenic calli were irradiated, they were transferred to adventitious roots using an induction medium; next, mutated adventitious root (MAR) lines with a high frequency of adventitious root formations were selected. Two MAR lines (MAR 5-2 and MAR 5-9) from the calli treated with 50 Gy of gamma rays were cultured on an $NH_4NO_3$-free Murashige and Skoog medium with indole-3-butyric acid 3 mg/L. The expression of genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with RNA prepared from native ginseng (NG), non-irradiated adventitious root (NAR) and 2 MAR lines. The expression of the squalene epoxidase and dammarenediol synthase genes was increased in the MAR 5-2 line, whereas the phytosterol synthase was increased in the MAR 5-9 line. The content and pattern of major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1) were analyzed in the NG, NAR, and 2 MAR lines (MAR 5-2 and MAR 5-9) using TLC and HPLC. In the TLC analysis, the ginsenoside patterns in the NG, NAR, and 2 MAR lines were similar; in contrast, the MAR 5-9 line showed strong bands of primary ginsenosides. In the HPLC analysis, compared with the NG, one new type of ginsenoside was observed in the NAR and 2 MAR lines, and another new type of ginsenoside was observed in the 2 MAR lines irradiated with gamma rays. The ginsenoside content of the MAR 5-9 line was significantly greater in comparison to the NG.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2015

Background: Minor ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: DEAE (diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used in enzyme purification, thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used in enzyme hydrolysis and kinetics; crude enzyme was used in minor ginsenoside preparation from PPD-ginsenoside; the products were separated with silica-gel-column, and recognized by HPLC and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Results: The enzyme molecular weight was 75 kDa; the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed the C-20 position 20-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb1, then the C-3 position 3-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc with the pathway $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}C-K$. However, the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed C-3 position 3-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb2 and Rc, finally hydrolyzed 20-O-L-Ara with the pathway $Rb2{\rightarrow}C-O{\rightarrow}C-Y{\rightarrow}C-K$, and $Rc{\rightarrow}C-Mc1{\rightarrow}C-Mc{\rightarrow}C-K$. According to enzyme kinetics, $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ of Michaelis-Menten equation, the enzyme reaction velocities on ginsenosides were Rb1 > Rb2 > Rc > Rd. However, the pure enzyme yield was only 3.1%, so crude enzyme was used for minor ginsenoside preparation. When the crude enzyme was reacted in 3% American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside (containing Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) at $45^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0 for 18 h, the main products were minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K; average molar yields were 43.7% for C-Mc from Rc, 42.4% for C-Y from Rb2, and 69.5% for F2 and C-K from Rb1 and Rd. Conclusion: Four monomer minor ginsenosides were successfully produced (at low-cost) from the PPD-ginsenosides using crude enzyme.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine major growth responses, the production and partitioning of dry matter on different growth stages, and yields and to select the optimal shading material in both quality and productivity of ginseng. Two cultivars of ginseng, Cheonpoong and Geumpoong, were cultivated in the paddy soil with three different shading materials; three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene (TBP), blue polyethylene sheet (BPS), and aluminium-coated polyethylene sheet (APS). Plant heights were linearly increased until June 24 and then maintained with showing higher height in Cheonpoong than that in Geumpoong cultivar. Root lengths were gradually increased until October 16. They were longer in Cheonpoong than that in Geumpoong cultivar, showing slightly longer with APS compared to TBP and BPS. The ability of producing dry matter of leaves was much higher from April to June compared to those of other growth periods, whereas its ability of root was concentrated from the end of June to the end of August. Among the shading materials, the ability of producing dry matter of shoot was higher with TBP than those with BPS and APS, while its ability of root was not appeared certain tendency unlike the shoot. The yield of ginseng roots was the highest with TBP among three shading materials and it was higher in Cheonpoong than that of Geumpoong cultivar. The shading materials which affect the light intensity and the temperature would be considered as an important factor to get better quality and productivity of Korean ginseng.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2010

본 연구는 홍삼의 가능성 식품개발을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하기 위하여 추출 시간에 따른 홍삼 부위별 ginsenoside의 함량 변화를 비교하였다. 동체, 지근 및 세근의 총 ginsenoside 최고 함량은 동제 21시간, 지근 18시간, 세근 12시간 추출하였을 때 각각 23.04, 65.68 295.92 mg/100 ml이었고, 추출시간이 증가할수록 ginsenoside의 총량은 감소하였다. Ginsenoside $Rg_1$과 $Rb_1$의 최고 함량은 동제 21시간, 지근 15시간, 세근 12시간 추출하였을 때 각각 5.76, 28.39, 117.83 mg/100 ml 이었고, $Rb_2$와 Re의 함량은 동체 21시간, 지근 18시간, 세근 9시간 추출하였을 때 각각 5.76, 28.39, 117.83 mg/100 ml이었다. 홍삼으로부터의 총 ginsenoside의 추출비율은 동체 21.3%, 지근 21.1%, 세근 67.1%이었다.