• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data on clothing habits for health promotion through the investigation of clothing weight by month and season. Thirty six subjects (18 males and females twenties) were composed to obtain the clothing weight(Total clothing weight) for a year. And then clothing weight was grouped in to four seasons : spring(Mar-May) Summer(Jun-Aug) Fall(Sep-Nov) and Winter(Dec-Feb). The data of males and females were respectively divided into three groups by cluster analysis with clothing weight. 1. The clothing weight of male and female were the heaviest in jan, that of male were smallest in July female in Aug. 2. The clothing weight mean of male(996g/m2) were heavier than that of female(894g/m2) for year. The seasonal clothing weight of male culminated in Winter(1179g/m2) and decreased respectively : Spring (973g/m2) Fall(879g/m2) and summer(559g/m2) The seasonal clothing weight of female culminated in Winter (1068g/m2) and decreased respectively ; Fall(865g/m2) Spring(835g/m2) and summer(479g/m2). The seasonal clothing weight variations were significantly different in each season(p<0.01) but they were insignificantly different between Spring and Fall. middle and light. There was individual differences in the clothing weight especially large in Winter and Spring and small in Summer and Fall. 4. Lower inner clothing weight was the lowest fluctuant all around year upper outer clothing weight was the most fluctuant. So he/she controled upper outer clothing to deal with thermal environment. He/she pretended natural textiles such as cotton and wool to synthetic textiles.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2009

The short-term variations of the mesozooplankton community structure were investigated in Gamak Bay during summer season, 2006. The study was based on a comprehensive survey constituting from 12 stations on June 19, July 28, August 4, and August 29, respectively. Mean of temperature and chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ concentrations in the surface layer were significantly higher than those in bottom layer, and those concentrations were significantly higher in the inner bay than those in the outer bay. A total of 40 taxa including 19 copepods were observed in Gamak Bay during summer season. Mean abundance of total mesozooplankton varied from 1,859 to 26,111 indiv. $m^{-3}$. The dominant species were Noctiluca scintillans, Penilia avirostris, Evadne tergestina, Paracalanus parvus s. 1., Acartia omorii and Cirriped nauplii and cyprii in Gamak Bay, and they contributed 90% of mean abundance of total mesozooplankton. Noctiluca scintillans was high after the rainfall. Cluster analysis showed that the mesozooplankton community could be divided into 4 distinct groups, indicating rapid change of the community in the short-term of this survey. The relative contribution of each group of the N. scintillans, P. avirostris, E. tergestina, and P. parvus s. 1. showed differences during the phytoplankton bloom period. The mesozooplankton community compositions were highly associated with water temperature, and salinity in physical conditions, and food organisms affect short-term variations in mesozooplankton composition. Interestingly, protozoa N. scintillans, and Cladocera appeared to be one of the key organisms to extinguish the phytoplankton bloom. Therefore, this study suggests that N. scintillans, and Cladocera could be a key player to control the mesozooplankton community structure during summer season, 2006.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2018

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the Air Quality Model (AQM) for the seasonal and spatial distribution of the $NH_3$ concentration in the atmosphere. To obtain observational data for the model validation, observations based on biweekly sampling have been conducted using passive samplers since April 2015 at multiple monitoring sites in the Tokyo metropolitan area. AQM, built based on WRF/CMAQ, was applied to predict the $NH_3$ concentration observed from April 2015 to March 2016. The simulation domain includes the Kanto region, which is the most densely populated area in Japan. Because the area also contains large amount of livestock, especially in its northern part, the density of the $NH_3$ emissions derived from human activities and agriculture there are estimated to be the highest in Japan. In the model validation, the model overestimated the observed $NH_3$ concentration in the summer season and underestimated it in the winter season. In particular, the overestimation in the summer was remarkable at a rural site (Komae) in Tokyo. It was found that the overestimation at Komae was caused by the transportation of $NH_3$ emitted in the northern part of the Kanto region during the night. It is suggested that the emission input used in this study overestimated the $NH_3$ emission from human sources around the Tokyo suburbs and agricultural sources in the northern part of the Kanto region in the summer season. In addition, the current emission inventories might overestimate the difference of the agricultural $NH_3$ emissions among seasons. Because the overestimation of $NH_3$ in the summer causes an overestimation of $NO_3{^-}$ in $PM_{2.5}$ in the AQM simulation, further investigation is necessary for the seasonal variation in the $NH_3$ emissions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.519-519
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• 2016

Upper Chenab Canal (UCC) is a non-perennial canal in Punjab Province of Pakistan which provides irrigation water only in summer season. Winter and summer are two distinct cropping season with an average rainfall of about 161 mm and 700 mm respectively. Wheat-rice is common crop rotation being followed in the UCC command area. During winter season, groundwater and rainfall are the main sources of irrigation while canal and ground water is used to fulfil the crop water requirements (CWR) during summer. The objective of current study is to estimate how the irrigation water requirements (IWR) of the two crops are going to change under different conditions of temperature and rainfall. For this purpose, 12 different climatic scenarios were designed by combining the assumptions of three levels of temperature increase under dry, normal and wet conditions of rainfall. Weather records of 13 years (2000-2012) were obtained from PMD (Pakistan Meteorological Department) and CROPWAT model was used to simulate the IWR of the crops under normal and scenarios based climatic conditions. Both crops showed a maximum increase in CWR for temperature rise of $+2^{\circ}C$ i.e. 8.69% and 6% as compared to average. Maximum increment (4.1% and 17.51% respectively) in IWR for both wheat and rice was recorded when temperature rise of $+2^{\circ}C$ is coupled with dry rainfall conditions. March & April during winter and August & September during summer were the months with maximum irrigation requirements. Analysis also showed that no irrigation is needed for rice crop during May and June because of enough rainfall in this area.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.759-765
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• 2021

Recently, summer temperatures have frequently been abnormal in Korea owing to global warming. In summer, a decrease in feed intake rate and biological activity were observed in Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle), leading to lower production rates in the industry. However, the precise scale of damage was not reported as with other animals of economic value. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of birth season on birth weight in Hanwoo. Data were collected from 100 local breeding farms from 2016 to 2019. A total of 41,081 Hanwoo calves were classified and analyzed by sex, year, month, and season (March-May, spring; June-August, summer; September-November, fall; and December-February, winter) of birth. The birth weight of Hanwoo calves differed according to birth month. The average birth weight of male calves was 30.47 kg and that of female calves was 28.16 kg. Hanwoo birth weight was the highest in March-born calves and the lowest in July-born calves. The birth weights of calves born in February, March, April, November, and December were significantly larger than those of calves born in July. In addition, the birth weight of Hanwoo calves from the summer was significantly lower than that of calves born in other seasons. Furthermore, Hanwoo steer slaughter age showed a negative correlation, whereas carcass weight had a positive correlation with birth weight. In the beef cattle industry, birth weight is a very important economic characteristic that is related to growth rate. These data will contribute toward planning the reproduction of Hanwoo and analysis of changes in characteristics of economic value owing to high temperatures.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2022

Agroforestry in terms of intercropping cow pea as summer forage with Grewia tenax was undertaken under sub -irrigation system in two consecutive seasons of 2017 and 2018 in saline soil of Khartoum State of Sudan. The aims were to find out suitable agro forestry system for saline soils as well as to investigate effect of tree spacing on field summer forage crop under semi -irrigation system. Therefore G. tenax trees that spaced at 4×4 m were used as main factor versus cow pea crop that incorporated at 25×50 cm intervals by using completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Trees and crop parameters were determined in terms of plant growth and yield. In addition to land equivalent ratio and soil chemical and physical properties at different layers were determined. The results revealed that, soil parameters in terms of CaCo₃, SAR, ESP, pH paste and EC ds/m were increased with increasing soil depths. Meanwhile tree growth did not show any significant differences in the first season in 2017. Whereas in the second season in 2018 tree growth namely; tree height, tree collar and canopy diameters were higher under intercropping than in sole trees. Cow pea plant height recorded significant differences under sole crop in the first season in 2017. Unlike the forage fresh yield that was significant under the inter cropped plots. Tree fruit yield was higher under sole trees and land equivalent ratio was more advantageous under GS2 (1.5 m) which amounted to 4. Therefore it is possible to introduce this agroforestry system under saline soils to provide summer forage of highly nutritive value to feed animals and to increase farmers' income as far as to halt desertification and to sequester carbon.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.179-191
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• 1993

This paper aims to know the characteristics of occurrence of the anomaly level and variability of the monthly precipitation in Kyeongnam, Korea. For this study, it was investigated 주e distribution of the annual and cont비y mean precipitation, the precipitation variability and its annual change, and the characteristics of occurrence of the anomaly level in Kyeongnam area the results were summarized as follows : 1) she mean of annual total precipitation averaged over Kyeongnam area is 1433.3mm. I'he spatial distribution of the annual total precipitation shows that in Kyeongnam area, the high rainfall area locates in the southwest area and south coast and the low rainfall area in an inland area. 2) Monthly mean precipitation in llyeongnam area was the highest in July(266.4mm) 각lowed by August(238.0mm), June(210.2mm) in descending order. In summer season, rainfall was concentrated and accounted for 49.9 percent of the annual total precipitation. Because convergence of the warm and humid southwest current which was influenced by Changma and typhoon took place well in this area. 3) The patterns of annual change of precipitaion variability can be divided into two types; One is a coast type and the other an inland type. The variability of precipitation generally appears low in spring and summer season and high in autumn and winter season. This is in accord with the large and small of precipitation. 4) The high frequency of anomaly level was N( Normal)-level and the next was LN( Low Informal) -level and 25(Extremely Subnormal)-level was not appeared in all stations. The occurrence frequency of N level was high in high rainfall area and distinguish성 in spring and summer season but the low rainfall area was not. hey Words : anomaly level, variability, precipitation, coast type, inland type.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.525-530
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• 2017

The attainment ratios of the water quality goals of the 114 mid-watershed representative stations, examined during the period2011 to 2015, were evaluated in the study. Of the four major river basins, the attainment ratio on water quality goal of the Geum River basin turned out to be the lowest. As a result of formal evaluation of the attainment ratios of BOD, COD and TOC, it was found that the attainment ratio of COD was much lower than that of BOD and TOC (I a circumstance thought to be caused by the higher COD/BOD and COD/TOC ratios of the water quality of the river than those of the environmental water quality standard). As well, higher COD/BOD and COD/TOC of wastewater discharged from point and non-point sources (other than those of the environmental water quality standards) might possibly represent one of the reasons. We also compared attainment ratio between the main stream and tributaries, which indicated that the higher attainment ratio was present in the main stream. The attainment ratio is also documented as more significant in the winter season than the summer season, possibly due to the contribution of non-point pollutants swept in by rain during the summer season during documented periods of high precipitation. Thus, water quality management in summer season and improvement of water quality of the tributaries might be important as a means of increasing attainment ratio on water quality goal.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.91-99
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of mowing height, rolling, N-fertilizing, and season on green speed(i.e., ball-roll distance) for developing and implementing a program of increasing green speed in Korean golf courses. Data were subjected to multi-regression analysis using SPSSWIN(Statistical Package for the Social Science), which collected from Yong-Pyong golf course greens selected to investigate. The results was as follows. 1) The multi-regression analysis of mowing height, rolling times, and N-fertilizer application rates on spring green speed was as follows; $Y_1$(spring green speed)=4.287+0.155X$_1$(rolling times)-0.131X$_2$(the amount of N-fertilizing)-0.251X$_3$(mowing height). 2) The multi-regression analysis of mowing height, rolling times, and N-fertilizer application rates on summer green speed was as follows; $Y_2$(summer green speed)=4.833-0.423X$_3$(mowing height)+0.146X$_1$(rolling times)-0.107X$_2$(the amount of N-fertilizing). 3) The multi-regression analysis of mowing height, rolling times, and N-fertilizer application rates on fall green speed was as follows; $Y_3$(fall green speed)=4.651-0.383X$_3$(mowing height)+0.142X$_1$(rolling times)-0.103X$_2$(the amount of N-fertilizing). 4) As mowing height was lowered by 1mm, green speed increased by 0.251~0.423m. As rolling times increased by 1(one), green speed increased by0.142~0.15m. As the amount of N-fertilizing increased by 1g/$m^2$, green speed decreased by 0.103~0.131m. The season also affected green speed. In comparison with spring green speed, summer green speed decreased by 0.145m and fall green speed decreased by 0.144m.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.125-128
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to investigate the changes in levels of odorous compounds in pig slurry during different seasons. Slurry from pens of finishing pigs was sampled every 4-wk and concentration of odorous compounds was analyzed. There was no difference in the range of phenols level (123 to 156 ppm) during spring (April to May), summer (July to August) and fall (October to November). The concentration of indoles was higher (P<0.05) during spring (14.3 ppm) than summer and fall (5.4~7.6 ppm). Level of BCFA ranging from 727 to 1,194 ppm was not different at any season. Among SCFA, there was no difference in propionic acid during any season but levels of acetic acid and butyric acid were highest (P<0.05) during spring season. Concentration of odorous compounds in pig slurry was highest during spring season. Interestingly, it tended to be lower during summer season compare to fall. This result might be due to relatively lower ventilation rate in order to maintain a constant temperature during spring season. Further study will be necessary to determine the relationship between the concentration of odorous compounds and ventilation system.