• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1990

These experiments were carried out to develop a novel, simple, and rapid method to determine urinary sulfonamides using fluorescamine by spectrofluorometry. To get optimal conditions for the sulfonamide-fluorescamine reaction, sulfonamides such as sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine, dissolved in buffers with various pH ranges were reacted with various concentrations of fluorescamine. and then, the fluorescence intensity and stability of the fluorophore were measured. To eliminate the interfering substances in urine, the fluorophore in buffers and urine with a definite pH range was extracted with some organic solvents. After then the fluorescence intensity was measured in organic and aquous phases. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The maximal fluorescence of sulfonamides was presented in acidic state, pH 4.5~5.0, at 30 minutes after reaction. 2. The optimal concentration ratio of sulfamethazine and ffuorescamine was more than 1 : 40 in mole. 3. In pH 4.0, the intensity was maximal but was time-dependent, whereas in pH 8.0, the intensity was time-independent. 4. Sulfamethazine-fluorescamine conjugate could be dissolved in some of organic solvents in acidic state such as chloroform, n-butanol, and ethylacetate. 5. Sulfamethazine-flnorescamine conjugate in swine urine coule be extracted with ethylacetate in acidic state, pH 4.0~5.0.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1999

MIC test of 16 chemotherapeutic agents was performed on 24 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda collected from flounders. They revealed resistance against combinations of ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, flumequine, doxycycline(DOXY), nalidixic acid, novobiocin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline(OTC), thiamphenicol(TP) and sulfonamide. Two strains carried transferable R plasmid encoding Otc Kanamycin Tp and Otc chloramphenicol Doxy Tetracycline Tp, respectively. The R plasmids were not similar each other on the basis of their digestion pattern of restriction endonuclease, suggesting distribution of different transferable R plasmid among E. tarda from flounders.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.423-429
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• 2011

B13 analogues are being considered as therapeutic agents for cancer cells, since B13 is a ceramide analogue and inhibits ceramidase to promote apoptosis in cancer cells. B13 sulfonamides are assumed to have biological activity similar to B13, since they are made by bioisosterically substituting the carboxyl moiety of B13 with sulfone group. Twenty B13 sulfonamides were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicities against human colon cancer HT-29 and lung cancer A549 cell lines using MTT assays. Replacement of the amide group with a sulfonamide group increased cytotoxicity in both cancer cell lines. The sulfonamides with long alkyl chains exhibited activities two to three times more potent than that of B13 and compound (15) had the most potent activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 27 and $28.7{\mu}M$ for HT-29 and A549, respectively. The comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were used to carry out QSAR molecular modeling of these compounds. The predictive CoMSIA models for HT-29 and A549 gave cross-validated q2 values of 0.703 and 0.830, respectively. From graphical analysis of these models, we suppose that the stereochemistry of 1,3-propandiol is not important for activity and that introduction of a sulfonamide group and long alkyl chains into B13 can increase cytotoxicity.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.373-384
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• 2005

Novel pH-sensitive moieties containing an s-triazine ring were synthesized with sulfonamide and secondary amino groups. The synthesized pH-sensitive moieties were used for the synthesis of a pH-sensitive amphiphilic ABA triblock copolymer. The pH-sensitive triblock copolymer was composed of diblock copolymers, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly ($\varepsilon$-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide) (MPEG-PCLA), and pH-sensitive moiety. These copolymers could be dissolved molecularly in both acidic and basic aqueous media at room temperature due to secondary amino and sulfonamide groups. The synthesized s-triazine rings containing pH-sensitive compounds were characterized by ${^1}H-NMR,\;{^13}C-NMR$, and LC/MSD spectral data. The synthesized diblock and triblock copolymers were also characterized by ${^1}H-NMR$ and GPC analyses. The critical micelle concentrations at various pH conditions were determined by fluorescence technique using pyrene as a probe. Furthermore, the micellization and demicellization study of the triblock copolymer was done with pH-sensitive groups. The sensitivity towards pH change was further established by acid-base titration.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 2013

B13 is a ceramide analogue and apoptosis inducer with potent cytotoxic activity. A series of arylpropyl sulfonamide analogues of B13 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity using MTT assays in prostate cancer PC-3 and leukemia HL-60 cell lines. Some compounds (4, 9, 13, 14, 15, and 20) showed stronger activities than B13 in both tumor cell lines, and compound (15) gave the most potent activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 29.2 and 20.7 ${\mu}M$, for PC-3and HL-60 cells, respectively. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis was performed to build highly reliable and predictive CoMSIA models with cross-validated $q^2$ values of 0.816 and 0.702, respectively. Our results suggest that long alkyl chains and a 1R, 2R configuration of the propyl group are important for the cytotoxic activities of arylpropyl sulfonamides. Moreover, the introduction of small hydrophobic groups in the phenyl ring and sulfonamide group could increase biological activity.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.225-234
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• 2016

The activity of 34 sulfonamide derivatives has been estimated by means of multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (ANN), simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithm (GA) techniques. These models were also utilized to select the most efficient subsets of descriptors in a cross-validation procedure for non-linear -log (IC50) prediction. The results obtained using GA-ANN were compared with MLR-MLR, MLR-ANN, SA-ANN and GA-ANN approaches. A high predictive ability was observed for the MLR-MLR, MLR-ANN, SA-ANN and MLR-GA models, with root mean sum square errors (RMSE) of 0.3958, 0.1006, 0.0359, 0.0326 and 0.0282 in gas phase and 0.2871, 0.0475, 0.0268, 0.0376 and 0.0097 in solvent, respectively (N=34). The results obtained using the GA-ANN method indicated that the activity of derivatives of sulfonamides depends on different parameters including DP03, BID, AAC, RDF035v, JGI9, TIE, R7e+, BELM6 descriptors in gas phase and Mor 32u, ESpm03d, RDF070v, ATS8m, MATS2e and R4p, L1u and R3m in solvent. In conclusion, the comparison of the quality of the ANN with different MLR models showed that ANN has a better predictive ability.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2008

This paper reports a facile synthesis of new water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based amphiphilic block copolymers showing pH sensitive phase transition behaviors. The copolymers were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methacrylamide type of monomers carrying a sulfonamide group using a PEO-based macroinitiator and a Cu(I)Br/$Me_6TREN$ catalytic system in aqueous media. The resulting polymers were characterized by a combination of $^1H$-NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and UV/Visible spectrophotometeric analysis. The micellization of the block copolymers as a drug-loading mechanism in aqueous media using fluorescein salt was examined as a function of pH. The stable micelle formation and its loading efficacy suggest that the block copolymers can be used as precursors for drug-nanocontainers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.457-463
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• 2013

The removal of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) by activated carbon was investigated by using granular activated carbon (GAC) tests and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The GAC absorption tests show the removal efficiency of 68.4~90.7% and 99.0~99.9% in 1 and 24 hours, respectively. In both GAC tests, the removal efficiency of sulfamethazine (SMZ) was the highest followed by those of sulfathiazole (STZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMTZ): SMZ > STZ > SMTZ. In DFT adsorption simulations, we found that the 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide parts of SMZ and STZ and the 3-methyl-1,2-oxazol-5-amine part of SMTZ are preferentially adsorbed on the edges of graphene model, provided that the adsorbates keep their structures without dissociation upon adsorption process. The adsorption energies of SMZ, STZ, and SMTZ are -4.91, -4.64, and -4.62 eV, respectively. This adsorption strength (SMZ > STZ > STMZ) agrees with the trend of the removal efficiency of SAs by GAC. In addition, dissociative adsorption configurations of SAs are discussed.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.126-135
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• 2016

In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of the drinking water treatment unit processes controlled by targeting high pharmaceutical compounds that are likely to be released into the water supply. In the coagulation process, the removal rate of sulfonamide, an antibiotic, amounted to 22.6~42.1 %, that of naproxen to 28.2 %, and that of acetaminophen to 20 %. Trimethoprim has demonstrated a low removal rate (4.4 %), while the removal rate of erythromycin was 2.4 %; aspirin was not removed at all. When applying a mixture of chlorination and the coagulation process, the removal rate was increased with increasing the chlorine dosage. When the chlorine injection with the concentration of 3 mg/L was applied, sulfonamide antibiotics, acetaminophen and naproxen, were completely removed. Trimethoprim exhibited a high removal efficiency of ca. 98%, while the removal efficiency of erythromycin was about 55 %; at the same time, aspirin showed a lower removal ratio (ca. 10 %). When applying the powdered activated carbon adsorption process, the removal rate was increased with increase of the concentration of the powder activated carbon injection. Sulfonamide antibiotics showed about 18~50 % removal efficiency in the 1 mg/L, the removal rate was increased by at least 80 % in 25 mg/L. The evaluation results of the titration injection concentration of chlorine treatment and adsorption, coagulation process for the efficient processing of the remaining pharmaceutical compounds in the water treatment process, when applying the chlorine 3 mg/L, powdered activated carbon 10 mg/L and coagulant 15 mg/L were removed more than 90 %.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 1994

This survey was carried out to determine five sulfonamide(sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline) residues in beef, pork, chicken and swine kidney. For this survey, 30 samples of beef, 15 samples of chicken, 10 samples of pork and 10 samples of swine kidney were collected in Chonnam from June, 1992 to June, 1993, and were analyzed by HPLC. The recoveries of sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfaquinoxaline in spiked samples between $0.25{\sim}1.00$ ppm were 71.7%, 80.3%, 71.6%, 70.9%, 68.4%, respectively. None of 65 samples which were examined exceeded 0.1 ppm. Of 15 chicken muscle samples, 2 samples exceeded 0.05 ppm in sulfamerazine (0.077 ppm) and sulfamethazine (0.075 ppm), respectively. Of 10 swine kidney samples, 1 sample exceeded 0.05 ppm in sulfadimethoxine (0.052 ppm). And sulfanilamide concentration of swine kidney were higher than pork.