• 자원환경지질
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.781-797
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• 2023

최근 들어 첨단산업에 활용되는 핵심광물의 확보를 위한 광물수요국들의 대응이 빠르게 진행되고 있다. 흑연은 중국 생산량이 압도적 우위에 있지만, EV 배터리 부문의 기하급수적인 성장에 따라 글로벌 공급에서 변화가 초래되고 있으며, 동 아프리카에서의 활발한 탐사가 좋은 사례이다. 우리나라에서도 생산이 증가되고 있다. 희토류는 첨단산업에 폭넓게 사용되고 있는 핵심원료이다. 세계적으로 희토류를 생산하는 광상은 카보너타이트형, 라테라이트형 및 이온흡착형 광상이 개발 중에 있다. 중국의 생산이 다소 감소되는 추세이지만 여전히 압도적인 우위를 점하고 있다. 최근 수년간의 변화는 미얀마의 급부상과 베트남의 생산 증가이다. 니켈은 다양한 화학 및 금속 산업에 사용되어 온 금속이지만 최근 밧데리 비중이 점차 증가되고 있는 추세이다. 세계 니켈 광상은 초염기성암에서 유래된 유화형 광상과 라테라이트형 광상으로 크게 구분된다. 유화형 광상은 호주에서 개발이 지속적으로 증가 할 것으로 예측되며, 라테라이트형 광상은 인도네시아에서의 개발이 촉진 될 것으로 보인다. 리튬이온 배터리 수요에 따라 니켈 시장도 견인될 것으로 전망된다. 세계 리튬 광상은 염호형(78%)과 암석/광물형(스포듀민 19%), 점토형(3%)이 생산되고 있다. 암석형 광상이 염호형 광상보다 품위가 다소 높지만 매장량이 적고 페그마타이트에 함유된 스포듀민 리튬광물이 대상이다. 칠레, 아르헨티나, 미국에서는 염호형 광상을 주로 개발하고 있으며, 호주와 중국에서는 염호 및 암석/광물 두 근원으로부터 리튬을 추출하고 있고 캐나다에서는 암석/광물로부터만 생산한다. 바나듐은 전통적으로 강철 합금에 약 90% 이용되어 왔으나 최근 대규모 전력 저장을 위한 바나듐 레독스 흐름배터리 용도가 증가 추세에 있다. 세계 바나듐 공급원은 광산에서 생산하는 바나듐을 함유한 철광석(81%)과 부산물에서 회수하는 바나듐(2차 근원, 18%)으로 양대분 된다. 81%를 차지하는 바나듐-철광석 근원은 제강공정에서 유래된 바나듐 슬래그가 70%를 차지하고 광산에서 생산하는 1차 근원인 광석은 30%에 불가하다. 이러한 공급원으로부터 중간재인 바나듐 산화물이 제조된다. 바나듐 광상은 함바나듐 티탄자철석형 광상, 사암 모암형 광상, 셰일 모암형 광상과 바나듐산염형 광상으로 구분되는데 함바나듐 티탄자철석형 광상만이 현재 개발되고 있다.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.323-336
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• 2023

핵심 광물인 니켈의 국내 확보를 위해 충남 유구지역 초염기성암에 대한 니켈 잠재성 및 성인 연구를 수행하였다. 경기육괴의 남서쪽에 위치한 유구 초염기성암은 첨정석 감람암으로, 경계부를 따라 사문석화가 강하게 진행되어 있다. 사문석화작용으로 감람석은 안티고라이트 및 크리소타일로, 니켈 황화광물인 펜틀란다이트는 밀러라이트 및 어웨루이트로 변질되었다. 사문석은 일부 강한 엽리를보이며, 초염기성암 경계 및 유구편마암 면구조와 주로 평행하게 발달한다. 이는 초염기성암의 융기 과정 동안 편마암의 변성작용으로부터 공급받은 열수가 단층 경계를 따라 침투하여 사문석화된 것으로 해석된다. 유구 초염기성암의 기원은 심해저 페리도타이트이며 약 5~18% 정도의 부분 용융을 겪은 잔여물로 해석된다. 부화된 경희토류원소 및 Eu는 맨틀이 2차적인 교대변성작용을 겪었음을 암시한다. 이러한 지화학 결과는유구 감람암의 형성이 중생대 초기 북중국판과 남중국판의 대륙 충돌과 관련 있음을 시사한다. 유구 초염기성암 내 니켈은 0.17~0.21%로, 상당량이 감람석 및 사문석에 포함된다. 따라서 마그마 기원인 유구 초염기성암의 니켈 회수율을 높이기 위해 황화광물의 선광연구와 더불어 산화광물을 대상으로 하는 침출 연구가 요구된다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.325-330
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• 2001

Shizhuyuan W-Mo-Bi-Ca $F_2$polymetallic ore is classified to the refractory one due to its complex property, fine dissemination and close association of minerals. Through several years of researches, in line with GY new mineral processing technology developed by Guangzhou Research Institute of Nonferrous Metals, in sulfide flotation circuit, an iso-flotability flowsheet is used to replace original overall bulk flotation flowsheet, and in tungsten flotation circuit, a new chelating type-GY reagent and a special pulp-conditioning system and a new technology of wolframite slime flotation are used to replace the traditional "Caustic Soda Method"$_{［1］}$, the metallurgical performance is greatly improved. Besides, GY New Method has created a favorable condition for comprehensive recovery of fluoride from tungsten flotation tailings. Notable economic benefit has been achieved.d.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2016

나전대모칠기는 나전, 대모, 금속선 등을 사용하여 가식한 것으로 금속분을 기물 전체에 뿌려 전체적으로 밝은 색조로 표현한 특징을 가진다. 본 연구는 칠도막 단면을 광학현미경과 SEM-EDS 분석을 통하여 칠도막 단면에 나타나는 재료와 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 그 결과, 목탄분과 토분을 섞은 바탕칠 위에 진사와 석황이 섞인 칠을 바르고, 그 위에 황동분을 뿌린 것으로 나타났다. 칠층에 섞여 있는 안료의 양은 소량으로 종래의 문양 표현에 쓰인 색칠과는 구별된다. 특히, 나전대모칠기의 칠층에서 진사와 석황의 두 가지 안료를 혼합하여 사용한 예를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.169-177
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• 1987

The Manjang copper magnetite-fluorite orebodies are imbedded within the limestone beds of the Hwajonri Formation. The ore deposits are characterized by magnetite-fluorite bearing skarn orebody in the west orebody and copper sulfide veins of the central and main orebodies. This study includes fluid inclusion geothermometry, salinity analysis, stable isotope analysis, and application of phase rule to mineral associations in skarn ore. Ore minerals are closely associated with the skarn silicates such as garnet, wollastonite and epidote. Magnetite and fluorite are remarkable in the west orebody whereas chalcopyrite is dominate in the central and main orebodies where pyrite and pyrrhotite also appear as sulfide gangues. Homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions are measured ranging between $240^{\circ}C$ and $350^{\circ}C$, 6.3~12.9 wt. percent in quartz and $220^{\circ}C$ and $350^{\circ}C$, 8.5~9.9wt. percent in fluorite, respectively. This indicates that the filling temperature and salinity are higher in quartz than in fluorite with the tendency of both to be linearly decreased suggesting an attribution of meteoric water to the mineralization. $T-fo_2$ diagram in the Ca-Fe-Si system at 1 kb and $Xco_2$=0.02 shows that the mineral assemblages with decreasing temperature are andradite-hedenbergite-calcite, hedenbergite-andradite-quartz, magnetite-andradite-quartz, and magnetite-quartz-calcite, indicating that magnetite crystallizes mostly late skarn stage at lower temperature. According to the carbon and oxygen isotopic values of the host limestone and calcite in ores, the sourec of carbon might be mixture of host limestone and deep seated carbons. Sulfur isotope data imply that ore fluids be relatively homogeneous in sulfur isotopic composition, mainly derived from igneous source.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.283-296
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• 1992

The Keumryeong deposits is a low grade copper deposits in which copper minerals form disseminated grains and thin veinlets in felsic volcanics seem to be dacite. Alteration of the volcanics consists mainly pervasive propylitization and silicification. Potassic alteration characterized by biotite developed locally adjacent to southwestern contact of granodiorite body. Principal sulfide minerals in altered zone are mainly pyrite and lesser chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite content in potassic zone is relatively higher than that of surrounding propylitized zone. Pyrite and chalcopyrite accompanies magnetite, molybdenite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pentlandite, marcasite, hematite, ilmenite, rutile, bismuthinite and native Bi as disseminations, veinlets and knots. Granodiorite body is propylitized and contains veinlets of pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite. Fluid inclusions in sulfide-bearing quartz veinlets and quartz grains of felsic volcanics and granodiorite in altered zone consist of liquid-rich, vapor-rich, $CO_2-bearing$ and halite-bearing inclusions. These four types of inclusion intimately associated on a microscopic scale and indicate condensing or boiling of ore fluid during mineralization. Homogenization temperature of coexisting fluid inclusions are mostly in the range of 350 to $450^{\circ}C$. High salinity fluid contains 28.6 to 48.4 weight percent NaCI equivalent and moderate salinity fluid cotains 0.5 to 12.5 weight percent NaCl equivalent. Pressure estimated from $CO_2$ mole fraction of $CO_2-bearing$ inclusion range 160 to 375 bars. The Kigu copper deposits is a fissure filling copper vein developed 500 m south from the Keumryong deposits. Mineralogy and fluid inclusion data of the Kigu deposits are similar to that of the Keumryeong deposits. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions from the Kigu deposits are reasonable agreement with temperature estimated from sulfidation curve of cubanite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotite and pyrite-pyrrhotite mineral assemblages. Not only mineral occurrence and wall rock alteration in the Keumryeong deposits but also fluid inclusion data such as temperature, salinity, pressure and boiling evidences are similar to those of porphyry copper deposits.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.43-53
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• 1999

The medical mineral menas a single mineral or a complex of minerals. It is natural material. using the medical action of he major or the minor elements, and traditional medicine stuff which has been used since long time ago. Jusa, cinnabar as the mineral name, is the product of the hydrothermal process. It is used to relax the body and cure high blood pressure, apoplexy and cardiopathy. Jusais the major component of "An shin hwan" and "Woo hwang chung shim hwan" nowadays because it has such an excellent calm effect. In addition, it is used to cure cancers such as esophageal cancer and gastric cancer. Jusa composed of mercuric sulfide causes mercury poisoning such as Minamata disease. It is dealt with mineralogical property and chemical composition medical stuff in Korea and China, as well asmercury poisoning and medical action of Jusa in this study. In order to predct accumulation of the interior of the body of the major and minor elements in Jusa, leaching experiment of Jusa by artificial gastric juice was done as well as thermodynamic reaction modelling to know concentration of each species of body fluid. The minor elements of 24 species such as As, Pb, Cd, a and Fe by leaching reaction of Jusa and artificial gastric juice were leached. We can know the fact that as is less than 1 ppm, Hg is less than 25 ppm and Cd and m are not detected. In addition, mercury exists as species of Hg2+, HgCl+, HgCl2, HgCl3-, HgCl42-, HgClOH, HgS(H2S)2, Hg(HS)3-, HgS22-, HgOH and Hg(OH)2 by reaction modelling between Jusa and artificial gastric juice. The concentration of sulfide complexes is 24.2 ppm and that of others is less than 10 ppm. According to increasing pH, the concentration of HgS(H2S)2, Hg(HS)3+, HgS22- and Hg(OH)2 increases, whereas the concentration of HgCl+, HgCl2, HgCl3- and HgCl42- decreases. Therefore, Jusa is very useful for the development of new medicine because it is possible to predict formation of the body species and species accumulation on mercury known as a toxic element and concentration changes of toxicity and efficiency.city and efficiency.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2002

In recent days, the study of a new phosphorescent phosphor has been performed in order to overcome the defect of sulfide phosphor and increase the brightness and long after-glow characteristic of phosphorescent phosphor. Particularly, sulfide phosphor usually used is so chemically unstable that the study of oxide phosphors are processing. $Eu^{2+}$, $Nd^{3+}$ doped Ba-Al-O phosphors sintered at $600{\sim}1500^{\circ}C$ for 2hours had the PL emission spectrum and after-glow over $1200^{\circ}C$. In this system, as the mole concentration of alumina increases, emission bands of phosphors moved from 500nm to 380nm. The optimum concentration of flux was 5wt% and after-glow characteristics of phosphors were found at the host material molar ratio ($BaCO_{3}:Al_{2}O_{3}$), 1:1 and 1:3.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1997

Gold mineralization of the Ogkye gold mine was deposited mainly in quartz veins up to 150 cm wide which occupy fissures in Cambrian Pungchon limestone. Ore minerals are relatively simple as follows: pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, electrum and galena. On the basis of the Ag/Au ratio on ore grades, mode of occurrence and assoicated mineral assemblages, the Ogkye gold deposit can be classified as pyrite-type gold deposit (Group IIB). Fluid inclusion data indicate that ore minerals were deposited between $400^{\circ}$and $230^{\circ}C$ from relatively dilute fluids (0.2 to 7.3 wt.% eq. NaCl) containing $CO_2$. The ore mineralization resulted from a complex history of $CO_2$ effervescence and local concomitant boiling coupled with cooling and dilution of ore fluids. Gold deposition was likely a result of decrease of sulfur activity caused by sulfide deposition and/or $H_2S$ loss accompanying fluid unmixing. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfide minerals (${\delta}^{34}S=3.5{\sim}5.9$‰) are consistent with ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$ value of 4.8 to 6.1‰, suggesting mainly an igneous source of sulfur partially mixed with wall-rock sulfur.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1982

Many skarn type iron ore deposits are distributed in Kimhae-Mulgeum area of Gyeongnam Province. Integrated field, mineralogic, geochemical and fluid inclusion studies were undertaken to illustrate the character and origin of the ores in this area. The iron ore deposits in this area are NS or NNE trending fracture filling magnetite veins which are developed in andesitic rocks near the contact with late Cretaceous micrographic granite bodies. Symmetrically zoned skarns are commonly developed in the magnetite veins of this area. Zoning of skarn from center to margin of the vein are as follows; garnet quartz skarn-epidote skarn-epidote orthoclase skarn-altered andesitic rocks. Major ore mineral is magnetite and small amount of hematite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite are associated. Vein paragenesis reveals four depositional stages; 1) skarn stage, 2) iron sulfide and oxide stage, 3) skarn stage, 4) sulfide stage Minute halite-bearing polyphase inclusions and liquid inclusions are contained in quartz. Filling temperatures range from $257^{\circ}$ to $370^{\circ}C$.