• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.230-240
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• 1992

The metabolic profile of doxylamine, N,N-dimethyl-2-[1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridinyl)ethoxy] ethanamine, was determined in the human urine. The free fractions of extracts were obtained without hydrolysis, and the conjugated fractions of extracts were obtained with enzyme hydrolysis using ${\beta}-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase$ from Helix pomatia. The mixture of acetic anhydride/pyridine (10 : 1, v : v) was used to derivatize the urinary extracts and then analyzed by gas chromatography and mass selective detector. N-desmethyldoxylamine, doxylamine carboxylic acid, desaminohydroxydoxylamine, N, N-didesmethyldoxylamine, N-acetyl conjugates of N-desmethyl and N, N-didesmethyldoxylamine, quarternary ammonium N-glucuronide of doxylamine, N-desmethyldoxylamine N-glucuronide and unchanged doxylamine were detected in the human urine obtained after oral treatment with doxylamine succinate. $N-methyl-{\alpha}-hydroxy-2-[1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridinyl)$ ethoxy] ethanamine, which can be a key intermediate of this metabolism, was tentatively identified by the interpretation of its mass spectrum. In this study, we proposed the metabolic pathway of doxylamine in the human on the basis of our data of the identified metabolites of doxylamine.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.766-774
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• 2013

Biodegradable polybutylene succinate(PBS) is a kind of environmentally friendly plastics for fisheries, because it can mitigate the ghost fishing problem caused by gill-net and trap fisheries. To evaluate durability of PBS monofilament, each of different diameter 3 types of monofilaments were spun and exposed to 56 month outdoor and then their gravity, modification of surface, breaking strength, and elongation were analysed. The gravity of PBS monofilament was estimated to be approximately 1.24 when spinning ratio from 4.8 to 6.1. PBS monofilaments did not show any crack after 56 month exposed to outdoor and load-elastic elongation curve was showed sigmoid type. Decreasing ratio of elongation was appeared in the thinnest monofilament 0.2mm diameter and breaking strength was in the thickest monofilament 0.4mm diameter. Breaking strength and elongation at break were decreased rapidly after 48 month exposed to outdoor. Breaking strength reduced linearly after 48 month exposure, while no such linear relationship was found in the case of elongation at break. In results, it was investigated that the durability of PBS monofilament nets for gillnet and trap were 24, 50 month when keep to land, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.150-157
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• 2010

Biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) was examined when PBSA was buried in the natural soil and the soil inoculated with Burkholderia cepacia after sterilization. After 80 days of the soil burial test at room temperature, the PBSA film buried in the natural soil lost 34.0% of its intial weight, while the same film lost 59.2% of its initial weight when buried in the sterile soil inoculated with B. cepacia. The optical and SEM observations of the surface morphology of the PBSA film also indicated that the surface erosion and rupture took place faster when the film was buried in the sterile soil inoculated with B. cepacia compared to the film buried in the natural soil. Viable cell number in the natural soil and that the sterile soil inoculated with B. cepacia increased by a factor of 6~7 and 10~14, respectively as compared to the initial viable cell number.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2004

Doxylamine succinate is an antihistamine used primarily as a sleep-induction. It can be gotten without a doctor's prescription in Korea, so it' s overdoses were frequently encountered. There were several reports that the overdoses of doxylamine might cause rhabdomyolysis, but few cases have been reported that it is related to acute renal failure (ARF). In cases that ARF occur, most of them are not severe enough to require hemodialysis. We experienced two cases of severe rhabdomyolysis complicating ARF after doxylamine overdose and treated with hemodialysis. Clinicians should be aware of the potentially lethal complications of rhabdomyolysis in patients who ingest doxylamine succinate and the needs for prompt intervention and careful assessment of renal function.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.440-446
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• 2008

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most widely used immunosuppressive agents, but animals treated with GCs may experience deleterious side effects which limit their use in many clinical conditions. In the present study, we examined whether methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS), a glucocorticoid, modulates circulating leukocyte numbers, phagocytic capacity and oxidative burst activity (OBA) of canine peripheral blood phagocytes, and whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) release is affected by MPSS injection. Neutrophilia and monocytosis were induced by the administration of a high dose of MPSS, which is the recommended protocol for canine patients with acute spinal cord injury. The injection of MPSS decreased the phagocytic capacity of canine PMNs but not PBMCs, and recovered 12 hours (hr) after the completion of MPSS dosing. The OBA of both PMNs and PBMCs was suppressed by MPSS, and restored 24 hr after the completion of dosing. The lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α release by PBMCs but not PMNs exposed to MPSS was reduced 12 hr after the completion of dosing, and recovered 48 hr after the completion of dosing. These results suggest that the application of MPSS protocol inhibits the innate immune functions of canine peripheral blood phagocytes for short time relatively.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2008

In order to obtain crosslinked poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) foams with a closed-cell structure, a commercial-grade PBS was first modified in the melt using two different branching agents to increase the melt viscosity. The rheological properties of the branched and crosslinked PBS were examined by varying the amount of the branching agents. The complex viscosity of the crosslinked PBS increased with increasing amount of the branching agent. However, it decreased with increasing frequency. When 2 phr of the branching agent was added to PBS, the storage modulus (G') was higher than the loss modulus (G") throughout the entire frequency range, showing that the addition of a branching agent increases the melt viscosity and elasticity of PBS effectively. Closed-cell PBS foams were prepared by mixing the chemical blowing agent with the crosslinked PBS. The effect of the foaming conditions such as temperature and time, and the amount of the crosslinking agent on the structure of the expanded PBS foams were also investigated.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2012

In a previous study, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) were detected by 2D gel electrophoresis as differentially expressed proteins in the longissimus thoracis muscles of cattle aged between 12 and 27 months old. In the present study, we investigated the association of SDH and TPI gene expression with intramuscular fat content in 50 Hanwoo steers. The SDH gene was expressed at a 4 times higher level in the 12 month old group than in the 27 month old group (p<0.01). A regression analysis between gene expression value and intramuscular fat content showed a negative correlation between expression of the SDH gene and intramuscular fat content (p<0.001). In contrast, the expression of the TPI gene showed no significant association with intramuscular fat content. This result suggests that the SDH gene may be a candidate marker gene for intramuscular fat content in the longissimus thoracis of Korean cattle.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2013

Corynebacterium glutamicum is one of the well-studied industrial strain that is used for the production of nucleotides and amino acids. Recently, it has also been studied as a possible producer of organic acids such as succinic acid, based on its ability to produce organic acids under an oxygen deprivation condition. In this study, we conducted the optimization of medium components for improved succinate production from C. glutamicum under an oxygen deprivation condition by Plackett-Burman design and applied a response surface methodology. A Plackett-Burman design for ten factors such as glucose, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate ($K_2HPO_4$ and $KH_2PO_4$), iron sulfate, manganese sulfate, biotin, thiamine, and sodium bicarbonate was applied to evaluate the effects on succinate production. Glucose, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and dipotassium phosphate were found to have significant influence on succinate production, and the optimal concentrations of these four factors were sequentially investigated by the response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design. The optimal medium components obtained for achieving maximum concentration of succinic acid were as follows: glucose 10 g/l, magnesium sulfate 0.5 g/l, dipotassium phosphate ($K_2HPO_4$) 0.75 g/l, potassium dihydrogen phosphate ($KH_2PO_4$) 0.5 g/l, iron sulfate 6 mg/l, manganese sulfate 4.2 mg/l, biotin 0.2 mg/l, thiamine 0.2 mg/l, and sodium bicarbonate 100 mM. The parameters that differed from a normal BT medium were glucose changed from 40 g/l to 10 g/l, dipotassium phosphate ($K_2HPO_4$) 0.5 g/l changed to 0.75 g/l, and ammonium sulfate ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$) 7 g/l changed to 0 g/l. Under these conditions, the final succinic acid concentration was 16.3 mM, which is about 1.46 fold higher than the original medium (11.1 mM) at 24 h. This work showed the improvement of succinate production by a simple change of media components deduced from sequential optimization.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 1987

This study was conducted to select and develop herbicide resistant plant through tissue culture. Growth response of seedlings and callis of various rice varieties with Echinochloa species was assessed under the treatment of various rates of butachlor [N-(butoxy methyl)-2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl acetamide] and simetryne [2,4-bis(ethyl amino)-6-methyl thio-1,3,5-triazine]. Further, succinate dehydrogenase activity was determined in herbicide treated callus to characterize different response of plants to herbicide. Rice variety like Sangpung showed relative resistance in both callus and seedling states against butachlor, indicating maintenance of resistance. However, in the simetryne treatment, the similar response was not observed in callus and seedling state, although there was a great different response among plant materials against simetryne. Rice variety which exhibited resistance in callus and seedling states showed low succinate dehydrogenase inhibition index. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibition index can be used as an important marker characters to differentiate varietal response of plant to herbicide. Rice plant was differentiated from butachlor and simetryne tolerant callus treated at $2.5{\times}10^{-5}$ M is growing under the growth chamber and can be used for resistant source.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.520-526
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• 2021

Microbial protein is one of the sources of protein in the rumen and can also be the source of glutamate production. Glutamic acid is used as fuel in the metabolic reaction in the body and the synthesis of all proteins for muscle and other cell components, and it is essential for proper immune function. Moreover, it is used as a surfactant, buffer, chelating agent, flavor enhancer, and culture medium, as well as in agriculture for such things as growth supplements. Glutamic acid is a substrate in the bioproduction of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This review provides insights into the role of glutamic acid and glutamic acid-producing microorganisms that contain the glutamate decarboxylase gene. These glutamic acid-producing microorganisms could be used in producing GABA, which has been known to regulate body temperature, increase DM intake and milk production, and improve milk composition. Most of these glutamic acid and GABA-producing microorganisms are lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB), such as the Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus species. Through GABA synthesis, succinate can be produced. With the help of succinate dehydrogenase, propionate, and other metabolites can be produced from succinate. Furthermore, clostridia, such as Clostridium tetanomorphum and anaerobic micrococci, ferment glutamate and form acetate and butyrate during fermentation. Propionate and other metabolites can provide energy through conversion to blood glucose in the liver that is needed for the mammary system to produce lactose and live weight gain. Hence, health status and growth rates in ruminants can be improved through the use of these glutamic acid and/or GABA-producing microorganisms.