• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.76-82
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• 2003

To prepare evolved PHB depolymerase with increased activity for PHB or P(3HB-co-3HV) compared to the activity of the original PHB depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1, random mutation of the cloned PHB depolymerase gene was performed by using a DNA shuffling method. A library of mutated PHB depolymerase genes from A. faecalis T1 was fused to the ice nucleation protein (INP) gene from Pseudomonas syringae in pJHCl 1 and approximately 7,000 transformants were isolated. Using M9 minimal medium containing PHB or P(3HB-co-3HV) as the carbon source, mutants showing alteration in PHB depolymerase activity were selected from the transformants. The PHB depolymease activity of the transformants was confirmed by the formation of halo around colony and the turbidity decrease tests using culture supermatants. The catalytic activity of PHB depolymerase of the best mutant II-4 for PHB or P(3HB-co-13 mol% 3HV) was approximately 1.8-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively, higher than that of the original PHB depolymerase. DNA sequence analysis revealed that three amino acid residues (Ala209Val, Leu258Phe, and Asp263Thr) were substituted in II-4. From the mutational analysis, it was presumed that the substitution of amino acids near catalytic triad to more hydrophobic amino acids enhance the catalytic activity of PHB depolymerase from A. faecalis T1.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.628-635
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• 1999

Direct preparative method of 2,6-diformyl-p-cresol and 2-hydroxy-3-hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde from 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4-methylphenol using activated $Mn(IV)O_2$ was described. Hexadentate compartmental Iigands, $H_4L[A]\;and\; H_4L[B]$ were prepared by condensation reactions of 2-hydroxy-3-hydroxy methyl-5-methylbenzaldehyde with ethylenediamine and 1,3-diaminopropane respectively. By the reaction of macrocycle($H_4[20]DOTA$) with Ln(III) nitrate {Ln(III)=Pr, Sm, Cd, Dy }, discrete mononuclear Ln(III) complexes of the type $[Ln(H_2[20]DOTA)(ClO_4)(H_2O)]\;{\cdot}\;3H_2O$ were synthesized in the solid state. $[Ln([20]DOTA)(NO_3)(H_2O)](NO_3)_2\;{\cdot}\;xH_2O$ was placed in methanol for 2 days, and $[Ln([20]DOTA)(NO_3)(CH_3OH)]^{2+}$ was formed. The equilibrium constants(K) for the substitution of coordinated $CH_3OH$ in the Ln-[20]DOTA complexes by various auxiliary ligand, $L_a$(=salicylic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, 4-bromophenol) were determined spectroscopically at 25$^{\circ}C$ and 0.1M $NaClO_4$. The K values calculated were in the order of salicylic acid > p-chlorobenzoic acid > benzoic acid > acetic acid > 4-bromophenol, while pKa of auxiliary ligands was in the opposite trend.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 1997

The characteristics of crystal structure and phase transition with dopants ($Nb_2O_5$= 0.1~0.4 mol% and $Y_2O_3$ : 0.2~0.4 mol%) on the PTCR $BaTiO_3$ system were investigated. In the case of $Nb_2O_5$ additive, the lattice parameter of PTCR $BaTiO_3$ was changed linearly with the increasement of $Nb_2O_5$ which substituted B-site of BaTiO$_3$ and the lattice parameter of c-axis decreased abruptly at 0.3 mol%. These phenonmena were assumed to originate from the distortion of octahedron and we could confirm that the change of lattice parameter accorded with the characteristics of the phase transition temperature. $Y^{3+}$ ions substituted both of A- and B-site until the 0.3 mol% addition, but $Y^{3+}$ substitution preferred A- to B-site above 0.3 mol%. This was affirmed by the variation ,of lattice parameter and the characteristics of phase transition. It also was found that $Y^{3+}$ions in the A-site substituted both of $Ba^{2＋}$ and $Ca^{2＋}$ ions with equal ratio by Rietveld method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.25
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• pp.249-268
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• 1995

Parody has recently prevailed as one of the important techniques of creation in art. The purposes of this study are to reaffirm the pos-ition of fashion as an art by clarifying parody depicted in fashion and to make an opportunity to reconsider the meaning of creation in fashion design through the significance of par-ody. For these purposes, documentary studies about parody in literature and art which had been discussed more often were preceded as a framework of this research. framework of this research. Basedd upon that, parody phenomena in fashion as well as art were analyzed. The synthetic results are as follows ; 1. Parody is a kind or critical technique and can be conceived as a process of creation. The established primary style (material) which is well-known and familiar is imitated and then is recreated in new manner through the three types of parodization, that is, the change of its external form, the change of its internal mean-ing and the shift from its place (i.e. displace-ment). 2. Parody in fashion is also analyzed based upon the three types of parodization which designer's will and expression is necessarily required. First, the parody through the change of external form is to have its effect of novelty, unexpectedness, playfulness, wit, mackery, satire, irony, paradox by changing the form of the original through imitation with similarity, transformation, exaggeration, em-phasis. Second, the parody through the change of internal meaning is to bring about paradox, irony, contempt, satire, unex-pectedness by applying the original to inappro-priate subject through its substitution, inver-sion. Third, the parody through displacement is to pursue a jarring incongruity that results from shifting the original to other context. Its effect consists of paradox, unexpectedness, playfulness, ridicule, mockery, satire, irony. In general, the parody technique in fashion can be used to have an intention of expressing seriousness, playfulness, satire, grotesque. The representative designers using the parody technique are Lagerfeld, Ricci, YSL, Yama-moto, Castelbajac, Gaultier, Mugler, West-sood, Steiner and so on. 3. Parody is the technique which imitates and then recreates the preceding style ; is at the same time the method which challenges the existing concept of originality-singleness and uniqueness. It reflects the more flexible concept of modern creation in art as well as fashion. The imitation as the creation, the characteristic of parody is recognized as an creative expressiveness, publicity, intention. Thus it differenciates from copy which is uncritical mimicry.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.714-718
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• 2015

Both lead molybdate ($PbMoO_4$) and chromium substituted lead molybdate ($PbMo_{1-x}Cr_xO_4$) were successfully synthesized using a conventional hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, DRS, Raman, SEM and PL. We also investigated the photocatalytic activity of these materials for the decomposition of rhodamine B under UV-visible irradiation. The XRD and Raman results revealed the successful synthesis of well-crystallized $PbMoO_4$ crystals with the diameter of 51-59 nm, regardless of the addition of chromium ion. The DRS spectra of $PbMo_{1-x}Cr_xO_4$ catalysts showed new intensive absorption bands in the visible region. The $PbMoO_4$ catalysts showed the lowest photocatalytic activity and the activity increased with an increase of chromium substitution amounts under visible irradiation. PL peaks appeared at about 540-580 nm for all catalysts and excitonic PL signals were proportional to the photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of rhodamine B.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.80-97
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• 2010

With the hubbing strategy, construction of "Incheon Airport Railroad(AREX)" was proceeded to expand the accessibility at the level of airports in rivalry like Kansai and Chek Lap Kok. At the present 1st phase which routes from Incheon Airport to Kimpo Airport is opened March 2007. 2nd phase which is planned from Kimpo Airport to Seoul station will be opened at the end of October 2010. But the accessibilty to AREX is delinquent because it is connected only in Seoul station and the maximum operation speed is 110km/h which downgrade the time competitiveness with airport limousine. In addition, transfering of user is necessary to access to AREX from Kyungbu KTX. With these reasons, travel demand in 1st phase section is low(7%). According to reestimation of travel demand, demand analysis result compared with convention condition is insufficient, so required annual average government grant-in-aid amounts to 200 billions won, and it is right time to develop the method for revitalization of Incheon airport railroad. In this paper, facilities plan and operating plan to make new travel demand by speed-up which is able through substitution train now running with high speed train(EMU, 180km/h) and direct connection of KTX, will be suggested. This will contribute to offering high speed railroad service to customers and the reduction of government grant-in-aid by way of demand expansion.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2012

More than 3 wt% of polycyclic aromatics (PCAs) in process oil is known to cause skin cancer. The criterion of distinguishing between low PCA oil and high PCA oil is based on 3 wt% of PCA. High PCA oil is called as a carcinogen like distillate aromatic extract (DAE). Low PCA oil is considered as safety oils like treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE), mild extract solvate (MES), and paraffinic oil. Four types of process oils such as DAE, TDAE, MES, and paraffinic oil purified by solvent extraction and separation skills from SBR vulcanizates were measured by FT-IR techniques. The effects of rubber chemicals such as N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylnenediamine (HPPD), polymerized 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMDQ), paraffin wax as antidegradants, and processing aid like Structol 40MS on paraffinic oil from SBR vulcanizates were also studied. The type of low or high PCA was identified by the relative abundance of absorbance at the aromatic substitution patterns of 864, 810, and $754cm^{-1}$ and at the paraffinic or naphthenic pattern of $721cm^{-1}$.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2016

The ultimate research goal of the current study was a development of hydrolyzed whey protein powder (7%-GNANA) manufactured with normal content of sialic acid, a marker compound, that is naturally occurring at 7% concentration in GMP obtained from the milk protein. GMP is a safe food, used worldwide in infant and baby foods, etc. The test substance was prepared using (7% sialic acid containing) GMP as a raw material, and then using alcalase, an enzyme approved as a food additive, after separation of sialic acid with 100% efficiency and 7%-GNANA (containing 7% sialic acid and protein; product name: HELICOBACTROL-7) provided by MEDINUTROL Inc. (Korea). Bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test was conducted in accordance with GLP Guideline using the test substance specified above. To identify its mutagenic potential against microorganisms, histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, and tryptophan auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli, WP2uvrA, were used. The bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test was performed by dividing the test substances into five different concentration groups (0, 61.7, 185, 556, 1,670, $5,000{\mu}g/plate$). Results of this experiment did not reveal repetitive increase of colony generating values or positive criteria for reverse mutagenicity for any concentration of test substances in any of the five strains, regardless of the presence of a metabolic activation system, and no dose-dependency was identified. In conclusion, the safety of 7%-GNANA test substance was verified by bacterial reverse mutation test conducted before registration of 7%-GNANA as a food additive.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.267-276
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• 2020

Poly(epichlorohydrin) copolyol series (PECH copolyols) were synthesized via cationic ring-opening copolymerization (ROCP) of oxirane-based monomers and effects of reaction temperature, solvent type, and initiator were studied. As a comonomer, two types of alkylene oxides were used, and polymerization conditions were conducted both with diethylene glycol (DEG) as an initiator in methylene chloride (MC) solvent and tripropylene glycol (TPG) in toluene solvent. In order to induce the active monomer (AM) mechanism in the ring-opening copolymerization reaction, the monomer was injected by an incremental monomer addition (IMA) method using a syringe pump, and the polymerization was performed at -5 ℃. PECH copolyol, a synthesized ephichorohydrin (ECH)-based copolyol, was converted to glycidyl azide-based energy-containing copolyol (GAP copolyol) by azadizing the ECH unit through a substitution reaction. It was confirmed that the synthesized azide copolyol had little effects on changes of the solvent and the initiator. Also, the molecular weight increased 500 after the azide reaction, thereby the GAP copolyol was polymerized as designed. As the content of the comonomer increased, both the T_g and viscosity tended to decrease due to the influence of the alkyl chain length. It is possible to fundamentally prevent CH₃N₃ amount produced in the azide reaction process, and it is expected that a large-scale process could be achievable.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.124-127
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• 2013

Black necrotic spots were observed from the fruits of paprika that were cultivating in a vinylhouse. The casual agents of the symptom were identified as several isolates of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) by responses of indicator plants, electron microscopy, and RT-PCR analysis. Symptoms of the viral disease were mild mottle in the young leaves, necrotic spots on the fruits and the fruit apex of paprika, but the symptoms were not shown on the mature leaves. All of the PMMoV isolates were determined as $P_{1.2.3}$ pathotypes from the biological responses on the chilli pepper lines used for discrimination of tobamovirus pathotypes. Pathogenicity of the PMMoV isolates was also confirmed using mechanical inoculation method to paprika seedlings. The coat protein (CP) genes of the PMMoV isolates were compared at the nucleotide and amino acid levels with the previously published PMMoV isolate. The isolates share 96 to 99% CP nucleotide identity among the isolates. The CP of $P_{1.2}$-pathotype PMMoV-P2 presented Met at position 139, But the CPs of $P_{1.2.3}$-pathotype PMMoVs from paprika showed Met to Asn substitution at the same position. This is the first report of identification of $P_{1.2.3}$-pathotype PMMoV isolates from paprika in Korea.