• BMB Reports
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.261-265
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• 1996

Sheep hemoglobin (SHb) was modified with methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG) to develop a potential blood substitute. mPEG has been used to decrease antigenicity and immunogenicity of foreign proteins. When the mPEG was attached to SHb, the modified hemoglobins showed decreased electrophoretic mobility on SDS-PAGE and decreased free amino groups. When the remaining free amino groups of mPEG modified SHb were determined by TNBS free amino group titration methods. about 34% of total free amino groups were modified with mPEG. This mPEG-SHb conjugate of 34% amino groups modified showed no precipitation by double immunodiffusion with polyclonal antibodies against SHb. This modified hemoglobin still has oxygen transport activity. So this antigenicity decreased hemoglobin may be used in humans as a potential blood substitute.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제20권1_2호
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• pp.327-343
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• 2006

A general methodology is suggested to solve shelf-space allocation problem of retailers. A multi-item inventory model of breakable items is developed, where items are either complementary or substitute. Demands of the items depend on the amount of stock on the showroom and unit price of the respective items. Also demand of one item decreases (increases) due to the presence of others in case of substitute (complementary) product. For such a model, a Contractive Mapping Genetic Algorithm (CMGA) has been developed and implemented to find the values of different decision variables. These are evaluated to have maximum possible profit out of the proposed system. The system has been illustrated numerically and results for some particular cases are derived. The results are compared with some other heuristic approaches- Simulated Annealing (SA), simple Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Greedy Search Approach (GSA) developed for the present model.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2016년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.83-84
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• 2016

For the slip resistance test of shower room floor, the "O-Y Pull Slip Meter method (O-Y·PSM)" regulated under KS M 3510. This test method uses cooking oil as a substitute of soapy water, and thus it does not reflect the real condition. In this study, on 10 types of floor material samples, the Coefficient of Slip Resistance Bath (CSR·B) on bare foot between 10 types of body wash solution and 6 types of SDS solution was compared. The body wash solution is a mixture of soap and water in 1:20 ratio. As a result, SDS 0.1% solution was the most suitable for a substitute of soapy water in shower.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.15
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• pp.569-572
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• 2002

The reduction method of harmonic currents is very important, when harmonic influences of the systems connections of AC power lines with dispersed generations like solar energy and wind power generation etc, increase more and more. Which the influences of harmonic currents bring not only the drop of power quality but also many trouble occurrences of various systems. Recently, the necessity about application development of new substitute energy has gone up, and the development and practical use of dispersed power lines are proceeding now. Henceforth, a counterplan against harmonic influences must be devised for more practical use of new substitute energy. In this paper, we studied the harmonic influences and new devices for that connections and defined the calculating methods for hamonic currents of those systems.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 추계 학술발표회 제16권2호
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• pp.205-208
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to recycle waste concrete and reuse reclaimed asphalt concrete as a concrete coarse aggregate. In this experiment, recycled coarse aggregate was substitute for natural crushed aggregate at the rate of 0, 30, $50\%$, and reclaimed asphalt concrete was substitute for recycled coarse aggregate at the rate of 0, 10, 20, $30\%$. According to the experimental results, as the reclaimed asphalt concrete content has influence on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete such as compressive and tensile strength, the criteria for the substitute ratio should be required to be set.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.57-60
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• 1995

To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.142-145
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• 2010

느타리버섯의 병재배를 위한 톱밥 대체재료를 선발하기 위해 팽화왕겨, 코코피트, 콘코브, 코코넛나무톱밥을 비트펄프와 면실박에 혼합하여 실험한 결과 화학적 특성은 4가지 배지재료 모두 느타리버섯 재배에 적합하였고, 균사배양 및 재배기간도 지연되지 않았으나, 코코피트 혼합배지에서 수량이 133 g/850ml으로 미송톱밥과 대등하였고 생물학적 효율이 77%로 가장 높아 코코피트를 톱밥 대체 재료로 선발하였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.195-200
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• 1994

To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that consists consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen according to the natural bone's main composition. The crystallinity of the synthesized apatite was shown to depend on the synthesis temperature. Carbonate apatite synthesized at $58{\circ}C$ demonstrated crystallinity very similar to that of the natural bone. By sintering the apatite over $700{\circ}C$ in vacuum, porous carbonate apatite could be obtained, and the pore extent was controllable according to the additive hydrogenperoxide volume.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.765-776
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• 2013

본 연구는 과용문제가 있다고 판단되는 무등산도립공원의 이용분산을 위한 도시근교림(어등산)의 대체자원으로서의 이용가능성 타진과 더불어 휴양자원의 대체성(substitutability)에 영향을 미치는 관련요인을 규명하기 위하여 시행되었다. 2012년 6~8월 중 광주광역시 근교림의 하나인 어등산과 무등산도립공원 두 장소를 모두 방문한 경험이 있는 휴양객을 대상으로 편의샘플링과 스노우볼 샘플링에 의해 추출된 232명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 이중 225명(97.0%)의 응답이 본 연구의 분석을 위해 이용되었다. 24.2%의 응답자가 "상당히" 또는 "매우 많이", 65.5%의 응답자는 "약간" 또는 "다소" 무등산의 대체장소로서 어등산 이용의도를 나타냈다. 응답자의 10.3%는 어등산을 무등산의 대체장소로서 이용할 의향이 전혀 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 전반적으로 인구사회학적 특성(성별, 연령, 결혼상태, 소득 및 교육수준, 지역거주기간)과 방문행태(방문경험수준, 방문요일)는 무등산도립공원의 대체장소로서 어등산의 이용의사와 관련이 없었다. 단지 '주로 혼자서' 방문하는 응답자는 '그룹' 방문 응답자에 비해 대체장소에 대한 높은 방문의도를 나타냈다. 또한 7개 요인의 방문이유는 대체장소 방문의도의 25.0%를 설명하였으며 이들 중 3개요인 즉 '도전/자기계발(${\beta}=0.35$)', '접근성/친숙성(${\beta}=0.27$)', '모험(${\beta}=-0.19$)'은 P<0.05수준에서 유의성이 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 두 장소 간 장소속성의 유사성은 대체장소 방문의도와 직접적 관계가 없었으며 휴양경험의 유사성은 장소속성의 유사성과 대체장소 방문의도와의 관계에서 완전매개효과를 나타냈다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

The study was performed to investigate the effects of whey protein-rich meal substitute added with vitamins, minerals, and lactobacillus powder probiotics on weight loss, body fat, and body composition in 24 female volunteers for 4 weeks. Whey protein-rich meal substitute was consumed with low-fat, high calcium milk (1% fat, 260 mg/200 mL) twice a day. Subjects submitted 3-day diet records and a life-style questionnaire before the study. During the study, subjects were required to turn in a diet record every day and consume the meal substitute formula in the metabolic ward at C university for 4 weeks. Anthropometric measurements were carried out weekly by Inbody 7.0. The dietary intake and anthropometric data were analyzed to compare changes before and after the study by paired t-test with SPSS version 23.0. The subjects were mostly early 20's and either overweight or obese and highly motivated to lose weight. Most of the subjects consumed three meals per day regularly and spent mostly 10~15 minutes for a meal. Their caloric intake was relatively low and decreased from 1,360 kcal at week 0 to 1,100 kcal after 4 weeks. However, total protein intake increased while carbohydrate and fat intakes decreased (p<0.05) after the trial. Nine vitamin intakes after the study improved compared to those before the study (p<0.05). After the study, subjects showed lower body weight (-1.8 kg), body fat (-0.94 kg), percent body fat (-0.86%), as well as waist circumference (-4.52 cm), hip circumference (-0.44 cm), waist hip ratio (-0.05), and triceps skinfold thickness (-2.39 mm) compared to those at week 0 (p<0.05). Muscle mass tended to be less compared to week 0, although there was no significant differences between weeks 0 and 4. In conclusion, diet trial with whey protein-rich meal substitute induced weight loss and positively changed body fat parameters and body composition.