• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.482-486
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• 2001

A seven year old dog with a history of vomiting for one month, icterus for one week yellowish urination for a few weeks, weight loss (1.5 kg loss/wk), and swelling of submandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes and then a 3 year old dog with mild vomiting history and multifocal mass(neck, shoulder, mammary glands) were diagnosed as lymphoma by radiography, ultrasonography and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and died all thereafter without any chemotherapeutical treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.545-550
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• 2004

Salivary glands, major and minor, are susceptible to a wide variety of pathologic conditions. Excision of the submandibular gland is a surgical procedure often undertaken. The procedure is the treatment of choice for patients with neoplasm of the submandibular gland and those with non-neoplastic submandibular disorders which are not controlled with conservative medical measures. Extirpation of the submandibular gland may also be undertaken for diagnostic purposes. We evaluated 84 patients who had been admitted to the dept. of oral and maxillofacial surgery of Pusan National University Hospital from January, 1989 to December, 2002 and had been performed submandibular gland excision. The results are as follows : 1. The patients undertaken the excision of the submandibular gland showed an age range of 16 to 71 years. The average was 49.1. 2. They consisted of 60 males(71.4%) and 24 females(28.6%), having 2.5 : 1 of genda ratio. 3. The most common symptom was swelling in 41 cases(48.8%), followed by the pain in 23 cases(27.4%). Other symptoms included mass, dysphagia, facial abnormaly and neck dyscinesia. 4. 42 cases(50.0%) showed sialadenitis and sialodochitis associated with salivary calculus. 5. According to the histopathologic study, all cases consisted of 17 neoplasmatic conditions(20.3%) and 67 non-neoplasmatic(79.7%). The neoplasmatic cases included 13 benign tumors and 4 primary malignant tumors. Sialadenitis and sialodochitis associated with or without salivary calculus were most marked, found in 50 cases(59.3%), in the non-neoplasmatic conditions. Pleoomorphic adenoma showed the highest frequency of the benign tumor.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2005

The pleomorphic adenoma is well recognized as the most common salivary neoplasm. We examined 49 patients who had received surgical excision of the pleomorphic adenoma from 1989 to 1998 with over 5 years follow-up period. We retrospectively evaluated the patients' age, sex, chief complaints, surgical methods, and recurrence or complication rates after analysis of one's clinical and surgical records. The results are as follows : 1. There were 15 cases in parotid gland, 23 cases in palate, 8 cases in submandibular gland, and 3 cases in cheek. The ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.13. The mean age was 44. The tumor of submandibular gland occurred in more younger age than that of other salivary gland. 2. In 15 patients of parotid pleomorphic adenoma, there was 1 case(6.7%, 1/15) of recurrence. That was transformed into the malignant pleomorphic adenoma after 4 years of first surgery. We performed superficial parotidectomy of 9 cases(56.2%, 9/16), total parotidectomy of 6 cases(37.5%, 6/16), and radical parotidectomy of 1 case(6.3%, 1/16). 3. We used the rotational Sternocleidomastoid muscular flap to cover the exposed facial nerve in 12 cases(75%) after parotidectomy(7 cases of superficial parotidectomy and 5 cases of total parotidectomy). We could see 3 cases(18.7%) of facial nerve palsy and 1 case(6.3%) of Frey's syndrome after parotidectomy. We examined Frey's syndrome in only 1 case which was not used SCM muscular flap after parotidectomy. 4. In 23 patients of palatal pleomorphic adenoma, there were 2 cases(8.7%) of recurrence. In recurrence cases, We performed re-excision after 4 and 5 years of first surgery, respectively. We preserved partial thin overlying palatal mucosa during tumor excision in 5 cases(20%), which were proved as benign mixed tumor in preoperative biopsy. That mucosa-preserved cases had thick palatal mucosa, did not show mucosa ulceration and revealed well encapsulated lesions in preoperative CT. 5. In palatal tumors, we could see the 13 cases(52%) of bony invasion in preoperative CT views and the 4 cases(16%) of oro-nasal fistula after tumor excision. In two cases of recurrence, one(20%, 1/5) was in palatal mucosa-preserved group and the other(5.5%, 1/18) was in palatal mucosa-excised group. 6. We excised tumors with submandibular glands in the all cases of submandibular pleomorphic adenoma. There was no specific complication or recurrence in these cases. 7. After excision of the cheek pleomorphic adenomas, we could not see any complication or recurrence.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.316-333
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• 1998

Obstructive sialadenitis of major salivary glands is a common entity that occurs either in sialolithiasis or in foreign-body obstruction of the excretory ducts. This is characterized histologically by the presence of duct-like structural groups in a highly fibrotic stroma. Although the pathologic features are well recognized, the various cell types involved in the atrophy and subsequent regeneration of the obstructed salivary gland have been controversial. For this reason, an animal model of obstructive sialadenitis that induced atrophy in the salivary gland was used. Experimental study was performed to observe changes of submandibular gland in rabbit and apply the results to clinical activity. Forty-five rabbits each weighing about 3Kg were used and divided into control and experimental group. In the experimental group, ducts of submandibular gland was ligated and cutted divided into each twenty rabbits. Rabbits were serially sacrificed on the 3rd, 5th, 14th, 30th day of experiment. The submandibular glands were dissected out at sacrifice and stained with H&E, MT, immunohistochemical stain and the histological examinations were carried out under the light and transmission electron microscope. After examination and comparison of all specimens, the results of this study were as follows: 1. In the features of H&E stain, moderate infiltration of inflammatory cell were present at 3rd day of experiment. The features of ductal metaplasia was observed after 7th day in the ligation group and destructive changes was continued. In the cutting group, atrophic changes were less severe than ligation group but the small ductule were separated from stroma after 7th day. 2. In the feature of MT stain, apposition of connective tissue was increased in all group, more active in ligation group. 3. In the features of immunohistochemical stain, ligation group showed increased PCNA positive response at 7th day and the higher activity of duct cells was observed. Severance group showed more PCNA positive response than ligation group at 30th day. 4. In TEM features, ductal metaplasia was started at 7th day and degenerative change with margination of nucleus had been severe. Although ductal metaplasia was seen in the severance group, more numerous granule in different size was founded than ligation group. From above results, degenerative change was identified with ductal metaplasia, apically apposition of granule, r-ER destruction in ligation group. Severance of duct elicit degenerative change of grandular cells but the change was less severe than ligation group and more PCNA positive cell was founded at acinar cell.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2003

Purpose: To observe the histologic changes and clusterin expression in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat following irradiation. Materials and Methods: Mature Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic-irradiated groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting streptozotocin, while the control rats were injected with citrate buffer only. After 5 days, rats in diabetic-irradiated group were irradiated with single absorbed dose of 10 Gy to the head and neck region. The rats were killed at 1, 3, 7, 14,21, and 28 days after irradiation. The specimen including the submandibular gland were sectioned and observed using histologic and immunohistochemical methods. Results : Morphologic change of acinar cells was remarkable in the diabetic group, but was not observed in the diabetic-irradiated group. Necrotic tissues were observed in the diabetic-irradiated group. Coloring of toluidine blue stain was most increased at 14 days in the diabetic group, however there were no significant change throughout the period of the experiment in the diabetic-irradiated group. Expression of clusterin was most significant at 14 days in the diabetic group, but gradually decreased with time after 7 days in the diabetic-irradiated group. Degeneration of clusterin was observed in the diabetic-irradiated group. Conclusion : This experiment suggests that the acinar cells of submandibular gland in rats are physiologically apoptosed by the induction of diabetes, but that the apoptosis is inhibited and the acinar cells necrotized after irradiation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 1997

The submandibular gland is one of the major salivary glands, salivary diseases frequently occuring site due to its anatomical weakness. This retrospective study evaluated data pertaining to history, sex, operation method, age distribution, diagnosis through the chart, operation record, radiographs, histologic finding of 51 patients operated on for the submandibular gland excision from 1986 to 1995 in our hospital so that we improve on the understand of the salivary gland diseases. The results were as follows ; 1. The chief complaints was mass, swelling mainly. 2. The ratio of affected site was 47.1 : 51 in left : right respectly, both sites was 1 case especially. 3. The ratio of men to women was 56.9 : 43.1 4. The operation performed all through the extraoral approach. 5. The sialolith presented at 24 cases. 6. The most patients had a two weeks duration period. 7. The age distribution was the third decade(29.4%), the second decade(27.5%) in order. 8. The symptoms accompanied the chief complaints was pain(37.3%), mass(17.6%), swelling(13.7%), trismus(13.7%) in order. 9. The diagnosis was sialadenitis with stone(S.W.S.) (45.1%), sialadenitis without stone(S.W.O.S.) (17.6%), pleomorphic adenoma(P.A.) (15.7%), abscess(Abs) (5.9%), tuberculosis(Tbc) (5.9%) in drder.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.153-159
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• 2012

The effects of the an immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA), on the salivary gland are largely unknown, even though clinical trials for the stimulation of salivation using CsA have been attempted. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is known to be a binding protein for CsA. CypA has cell proliferation and tissue matrix change activities. In our present study, the presence of CypA in the gland and effects of CsA on CypA expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and RT-PCR analyses. CypA was immunohistochemically detected in various kinds of ducts in the submandibular glands of Sprague Dawley rats. The CypA mRNA level was highest at postnatal day 1 and gradually decreased in a time-dependent manner up to adulthood. The expression of CypA increased after a 10 day subcutaneous administration of CsA in postnatal day 1 rats. Surgical sections of the chorda-lingual nerve with impaired salivation showed no changes in CypA expression. A cell proliferation assay using PCNA anti-serum showed increased cell division following CsA treatment. These results suggest that CsA and CypA may act on ductal cells to regulate saliva composition rather than salivation levels.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1993년도 제27차 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.96-96
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• 1993

두경부 종양의 1%를 차지하는 타액선 종양은 조직학적인 다양성 때문에 진단과 치료결정이 어렵고 자세한 병력이 중요하다. 1987년 1월부터 1992년 12월까지 본원 이비인후과에서 조직학적으로 확진된 타액선 종양 70례를 대상으로 후향적인 방법으로 성별 분포, 연령별 분포, 부위별 분포, 양성종양의 크기, 병리조직학적 분류, 중상발현 기간, 임상증상, 경부 림프절전이, 병기별 분포, 치료, 안면신경마비 및 재발 둥을 비교 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 이하선에 35례(50%), 악하선에 16례(23%), 부타액선에 19례(27%) 발생했다. 2) 양성종양이 55례(79%), 악성종양이 15례(21%) 였고, 양성종양은 다형성선종이 49례(89%), 악성종양은 선낭포암이 6례(40%)로 가장 많았다. 3)증상발현 기간은 1-5년이 29례(41%)로 가장 많았다. 4) 이하선과 악하선 수술후 안면신경마비가 9례(18%)에서 있었고, 재발은 4례(6%)에서 발생하였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.367-375
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• 1998

목적 : 두경부에 방사선 조사를 받는 경우 대부분의 환자에서 구강 건조증을 겪게 된다. 이와 같은 구강 건조증은 침샘 세포의 소실에 의해 침이 생성되지 않거나 적게 생성되기 때문이다. 침샘 세포가 방사선 조사에 의해 소실되는 기전은 침샘 세포의 간기사망(interphase death) 혹은 apoptosis에 의한 직접 손상에 의해 발생된다는 것이 가장 가능성 있는 기전으로 알려져 있고 apoptosis는 세포내의 칼슘농도의 증가로 인해 일어난다. 따라서 본 연구는 흰쥐 침샘의 방사선조사에서 칼슘통로 차단제인 diltiazem과 방사선의 급성반응에 작용하고세포 내 칼슘농도를 감소시킬 수 있는 pentoxifylline을 방사선조사 전에 투여하여 apoptosis 발생이 감소되는 지를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 체중 약 200-250g의 흰쥐 10마리를 대상으로 대조군, 방사선조사 단독군, 방사선 조사전 diltiazem 혹은 pentoxifylline을 투여군과 두 약제를 동시에 동시 투여군으로 나누었다. 방사선 조사는 침샘을 포함하는 두경부에 1600cGy를 단일 조사하고 diltiazem은 쥐의 체중 kg 당 30mg을 방사선조사 30분전, pentoxifylline은 쥐의 체중 kg 당 50mg을 방사선조사 20 분전에 복강내 투여하였다. 방사선조사 후 24시간에 쥐를 회생시켜 이하선과 악하선을 제거하여 hematoxylin-eosin 염색을 한 후 200배의 배율에서 무작위로 10-20곳을 선택하여 현미경시야당 전체 세포수(T)에 대한 apoptotic body의 수(A)의 백분율(A/TX100)을 구하여 각 군을 비교하였다. 결과 : 이하선에서 방사선단독, diltiazem, pentoxifylline 단독 투여군과 두약제의 동시 투여군에서 관찰된 apoptosis 백분율은 각각 1.72$\%$(8.35/486), 0.64$\%$(2.9/453), 0.23$\%$(1.2/516), 0.28$\%$(1.1/399)이였다. 방사선조사 단독군에 비해 약제 투여군에서 apoptotic body의 빈도는 통계적으로 의미있는 감소를 보였다(p<0.05). 악하선의 장액성 세포에서 방사선조사단독군, diltiazem, pentoxifylline 단독 투여군과 두 약제의 병합 투여군에서 관찰된 apoptosis 백분율은 각각 1.94$\%$(l1/567), 0.34$\%$(1.9/554), 0.28$\%$(1.8/637), 0.22$\%$(1.3/601)이었고 방사선조사 단독군에 비해 약제 투여군에서 apoptotic body의 빈도는 통계적으로 의미 있는 감소를 보였다(p<0.05). 점액성 세포에서 apoptosis 백분율은 각 군에서 0.92$\%$(5.1/552), 0.41$\%$(2.5/ 612), 0.29$\%$(1.3/455), 0.18$\%$(1.0/562)였다. 방사선조사 단독군에 비해 약제 투여군에서 apoptotic body의 발생 빈도는 통계적으로 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 악하선의 장액성과 점액성 세포에서 방사선 단독 투여군의 경우 apoptotic body 발생의 백분율은 각각 1.94$\%$ (l1/567)와 0.92$\%$(5.1/552)로써 두 세포간에 apoptotic body의 발생에 통계적인 차이가 없었다. 이하선과 악하선 모두에서 약제 투여 군들간의 apoptotic body 발생은 통계적으로 의미 있는 차이가 없었고 특히 약제의 병합 투여군이 단일 약제 투여군 보다 낮은 apoptotic body 발생빈도를 보이고 있으나 통계적으로 의미 있는 차이는 없었다. 결론 :본 연구 결과로 침샘의 방사선 조사에서 장액성 세포에서 발생되는 apoptosis는 pentoxifylline 혹은 dlltiazem의 투여에 의해 효과적으로 감소되는 것이 관찰되었다. 따라서 향후 이들 약제에 의한 apoptosis의 감소가 침샘의 만성변화에도 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구가 이루어 져야겠다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1989

The pain, swelling of salivary glands and dry mouth are not infrequent complication of the high dose radioiodine treatment in the patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. The purpose of this study was, by the dynamic salivary scintigraphy, to observe the change of the salivary function after the high dose $(150\sim200mci)$ radioiodine treatment. From May 1987 to April 1988, the dynamic salivary scintigraphy with 5mci of $^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ and gamma camera was performed before and 7 days after the radiolodine treatment in 7 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Just after the dynamic scintigraphy, the stimulation test with vitamin C solution of pH3.0 and poststirnulation scintigraphy were done, and the radioactivity uptake index, excretion fraction and salivary clearance after the stimulation were calculated for each gland. There was positive correlation between the radioactivity uptake index and excretion fraction after the stimulation. The salivary clearance after the stimulation was $18.96{\pm}8.95ml/min$ in the pretreatment state, and $14.37{\pm}7.7ml/min$ after the radioioine treatment. After the radioiodine treatment, the radioactivity uptake index, excretion fraction and salivary clearance after the stimulation were significantly reduced in the parotid glands, but only the excretion fraction was reduced in the submandibular glands. The more the pretreatment salivary clearance after the stimulation was, the % change after the treatment was smaller. Further studies on the relation between the radiation dose in the salivary glands and the change of their function, and the long-term observation for the recovery of function are expected.