• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.163-166
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• 1994

Pleomorphic adenoma(benign mixed tumor) is the most common tumor of the major salivary glands, constituting approximately 70 per cent of benign tumors of these glands. The term mixed tumor was introduced in the nineteenth century to stress the dual origin of this neoplasm from epithelial and mesenchymal elements, and the designation pleomorphic adenoma is preferred because it emphasizes both the epithelial origin and the variety of histological patterns found in this common salivary gland lesion. Rauch, in a review of 4245 pleomorphic adenomas, found 92.5 per cent in the major salivary glands and 6.5 per cent in the minor salivary glands, 8 per cent arose in the submandibular glands, and in another large series of over 6,000 cases, approximately 4 per cent arose in the hard and soft palates with equal frequency in each. The prognosis of pleomorphic adenoma depends more upon the choice and adequacy of treatment than upon histological appearances. The accepted treatment for this tumor is excision. With adequate surgery recurrence rates of less than 1 per cent can be obtained. In this hospital, I experienced two patients who were identified PMA which occurred in the hard palate and submandibular gland. The lesions were successfully treated by surgery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.139-148
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irradiation on the rat submandibular gland which composed of the epithelial growth factors. The experimental animals were the Sprague Dawley strain rats, which were the rats as the non-irradiated control group and the rats as the experimental group which were divided into groups as the experimental duration of 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks. The experimental animals were singly irradiated at a dose of 8 Gray gamma ray to their head and neck region by the Co-60 teletherapy unit and sacrificed after each experimental duration. The specimens were stained with H-E and Azan stain and examined light microscopically. The results of this study were obtained as follows. 1. The all of mucous and serous acini in submandibular gland showed similar pattern of changes in structure according to the lapse of time. 2. The acinic cells started to change after 1 hour, and repaired after 12hours with mitosis and proliferation of the cells between acini. The changes were marked after 1day, and repaired gradually in course of time. 3. The duct were dilatated irregularly, and the outline of the eosinophilic stained ductal cells changed indistinctly.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2006

The present study was undertaken to explore the role of autonomic nerves in the regulation of sodium transporters and water channels in the salivary gland. Rats were denervated of their sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland. One week later, the expression of Na,K-ATPase, epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), and aquaporins (AQP) was examined in the denervated and contralateral glands. The sympathetic denervation slightly but significantly decreased the expression of ${\alpha}1$ subunit of Na,K-ATPase, whereas the parasympathetic denervation increased it. The expression of ${\alpha}$-subunit of ENaC was significantly increased in both the denervated and contralateral glands either by the sympathetic or parasympathetic denervation. The sympathetic denervation significantly increased the expression of AQP5 in both the denervated and contralateral glands, whereas the parasympathetic denervation decreased it. It is suggested that the autonomic nerves have a tonic effect on the regulation of sodium transporters and AQP water channels in the salivary gland.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 2015

Actinomycosis is a subacute or chronic suppurative infection caused by Actinomyces species, which are anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and urogenital tracts. Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical form of actinomycosis, and is associated with odontogenic infection. Characterized by an abscess and mandibular involvement with or without fistula, but the cervicofacial form of actinomycosis is often misdiagnosed because the presentation is not specific and because it can mimic numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases, including malignant tumors. We report a rare case of actinomycosis infection with coexisting submandibular sialolithiasis. The patient presented with a $1{\times}1cm$ abscess-like lesion below the lower lip. Punch biopsy of the lesion revealed atypical squamous cell proliferation with infiltrative growth, suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. The patient underwent wide excision of this lesion, where the lesion was found to be an abscess formation with multiple submandibular sialolithiases. The surgical specimen was found to contain Actinomyces without any evidence of a malignant process. We assumed that associated predisposing factors such as poor oral hygiene may have caused a dehydrated condition of the oral cavity, leading to coexistence of actinomycosis and sialolithiasis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irradiation on the microvascular structure of the submandibular gland in rats. For this study, 110 male rats were singly irradiated with the dose of 10Gy or 20Gy to their neck region by 6MV X-irradiation and sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th day after irradiation. The author observed distribution and structural changes of the microvasculature in rat submandibular glands using a scanning electron microscope by forming vascular resin casting. The author observed ultrastructural changes of the endothelial cells using a transmission electron microscope, and also histologic changes using a light microscope at Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and PAS staining process. The results of the irradiation effects on the microvasculature in rat submandibular gland were as follows: By light microscopic examination, the dilation of small vessels were observed until the 7th day after irradiation. After then, the vascular constriction and decrease in number of small vessels were noticed. Changes were greater on 20Gy irradiated group than on lOGy irradiated group. The reaction to PAS staining at acinar cells was decreased just after irradiation, but gradually recovered with days. There was no specific difference between two irradiated groups. By scanning electron microscopic examination, general findings on the two irradiated groups were similar. The dilation of conduits and meandering were observed on the 3rd day after irradiation. Decrease of capillary density and blunt ended small vessels were appeared on the 7th day after irradiation. After that, findings of the tortuous and twisted vascular running and coarseness of capillary lumen were increased. Changes were greater on 20Gy irradiated group than on l0Gy irradiated group. By transmission electron microscopic examination, increase of the formation of cytoplasmic process was observed on the 3rd day after irradiation. After that, swelling of endothelial cell and bridge formation of cytoplasmic processes were also observed, but destruction of endothelial cell and loss of basement membrane were observed only on 20Gy irradiated group on the 28th day after irradiation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.114-118
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• 2009

Sialolithiasis is the formation of calcific concretions within the ductal system of major or minor salivary glands. The submandibular gland is most involved because of its high viscosity of the saliva and the long, curved duct. It may occur at any age but, it is most common in middle-aged adults and rare in childhood. Clinical symptoms in sialolithiasis are variable but, swelling is the most common, followed by the pain. Clinical examination and radiographic examination(panoramic and mandibular occlusal radiographs, sialography, intraoral-, extraoral- ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and sialoendoscopy) can help to confirm a diagnosis and localize a stone. The treatment is surgical intervention, either removal of the sialolith or sialoadenectomy. However, non-invasive techniques including shock-wave lithotripsy, $CO_2$ laser and endoscopic treatment used in selected cases. A 5-Year-old girl referred from private practice for evaluation of a yellowish mass on the floor of the mouth. She complained that it had became three times bigger than four months ago when it was found for the first time and she had some pain on submandibular gland area occasionally. On physical examination, a firm and yellowish mass could be seen at the orifice of the submandibular duct. Diagnosis is the submandibular sialolithiasis in the anterior Wharton`s duct. Under local anesthesia, stone was removed.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.40 no.8 s.399
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• pp.615-619
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• 2002

• 대한두경부종양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.279.2-280
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• 1998

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.141-144
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• 2010

Sialolithiasis is the common pathology of salivary gland. The size of sialoliths vary from 1 mm to a few cm, but most of that are less than 10 mm. Large sialoliths (larger than 15 mm) are extremely rare. It is called Giant sialolithiasis or megalith. Symptom of the giant sialolithiasis is similar to that of regular sialolithiasis. First choice of treatment is removal of the stone. Many literatures reported various methods to remove the sialoliths. For this case report, we accidentally found the giant sialolith on the computed tomography taken for dental implant, and successfully removed the stone by minimal invasive surgical approach. Base on this result, we report this case with literature reviews.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.94-98
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• 2000

We report a false positive case of I-131 scan due to a sialolithiasis in right submandibular gland. I-131 images showed not only remnant thyroid tissues and functional metastases in the anterior neck but also a hot uptake near right submandibular gland. We confirmed the sialolithiasis by radiologic studies. Sialolithiasis should be regarded as a false positive cause when I-131 scan shows a hot spot near salivary bed.