• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.311-315
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• 2000

Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been demonstated as an antineoplastic agent in mice and human, and the route of administration is important to IL-2-induced therapeutic responses. Therefore, the current experiment was undertaken to clarify the effect of IL-2 administration route on antitumor response against subcutaneous Meth-A tumor in mice. At the beginning of each experiment, normal BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously with $5{\times}10^6$ Meth-A tumor cells. Beginning on day 7, experimental groups were treated with a 5-day course of IL-2 (intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of 30, 000 IU every 12 hours for 5 days). The result of this experiment revealed that Meth-A tumor grew progressively in control mice. Intraperitoneal IL-2 treatment decreased significantly tumor growth and prolonged survival, compared with control mice. Subcutaneous IL-2 treatment decreased significantly tumor growth until day 11 and tumor cells, grew progressively thereafter, but mice in this group survived longer than control mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2013

Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. Routes of infection have been reported to be an important variable for some species of Leishmania parasites. The role of this variable is not clear for L. tropica infection. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of route of L. tropica infection on the disease outcome and immunologic parameters in BALB/c mice. Two routes were used; subcutaneous in the footpad and intradermal in the ear. Mice were challenged by Leishmani major, after establishment of the L. tropica infection, to evaluate the level of protective immunity. Immune responses were assayed at week 1 and week 4 after challenge. The subcutaneous route in the footpad in comparison to the intradermal route in the ear induced significantly more protective immunity against L. major challenge, including higher delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, more rapid lesion resolution, lower parasite loads, and lower levels of IL-10. Our data showed that the route of infection in BALB/c model of L. tropica infection is an important variable and should be considered in developing an appropriate experimental model for L. tropica infections.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1995

The local irritation studies of DA-3002, an authentic recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), were carried out in rabbits after the following treatment ; application into the conjunctival sac of the eye (single), single subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, 7-day repeated subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. The results obtained were as follows. In the result of ocular irritation test, 0.16% solution of DA-3002 could be considered as a non-irritating material. In single subcutaneous and intramuscular irritation test, the irritancy of 0.16% DA-3002 solution was not so much different from that of saline. The local irritation of DA-3002 by 7-day repeated injection was negligible and similar to that of saline by both subcutaneous and intramuscular routes. These results suggest that DA-3002 has no irritating activity when injected through subcutaneous or intramuscular route for clinical practice as 0.16% solution.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.270-274
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• 1993

The acute toxicity of a recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (code name: LBD-005) was evaluated in both sexes of ICR mice, 5~6 weeks old, by the oral, subcutaneous and intravenous routes of administration. Based on the results of the acute toxicity study, LBD-005 was not considered to induce any toxic effect on the mice in mortalities, clinical findings, body weights and gross findings. It is suggested that $LD_50$ values in mice would be >48 mg/kg in the oral route and >24 mg/kg in the subcutaneous or intravenous route.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1992

The actue toxicity of a recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (code name: LBD-005) was evaluated in both sexes of Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 weeks old, by the oral, subcutaneous and intravenous routes of administration. LBD-005 in the acute toxicity study in the rats was not considerde to induce any toxicological effect on the rats in mortalities, clinical findings, body weights and gross findings. It is suggested that $LD_{50}$ values in rats would be >48 mg/kg in the oral route and >12 mg/kg in the subcutaneous or intravenous route.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 1996

The local irritation studies of DA-3285, recombinant human erytropoietin(rHu-EPO), were carried out in rabbits after the following treatment; single application into the conjunctival sac of the eye, single subcutaneous injection, 7-day repeated subcutaneous injection and 8-day repeated infusion into the ear vein. Also, the local irritancy of DA-3285 leaked around vein was studied in mice by single perivascular injection. The results obtained were as follows. In the result of ocular irritation test, DA-3285 could be considered as a non-irritating material. In single and 7-day repeated subcutaneous irritation test, the irritancy of DA-3285 was not so much different from that of saline. The vascular irritancy of DA3285 by 8-day repeated infusion was negligible and similar to that of saline. And the irritancy of DA3285 by perivascular injection was comparable to that of saline. These results indicate that DA-3285 has no irritating activity when injected through subcutaneous or intravenous route for clinical practice as 3.5% solution.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2015

Evaluation and screening of vaccines against tuberculosis depends on development of proper cost effective disease models along with identification of different immune markers that can be used as surrogate endpoints of protection in preclinical and clinical studies. The objective of the present study was therefore evaluation of subcutaneous model of M.tuberculosis infection along with investigation of different immune biomarkers of tuberculosis infection in BALB/c mice. Groups of mice were infected subcutaneously with two different doses : high ($2{\times}10^6CFU$) and low doses ($2{\times}10^2CFU$) of M.tuberculosis and immune markers including humoral and cellular markers were evaluated 30 days post M.tuberculosis infections. Based on results, we found that high dose of subcutaneous infection produced chronic disease with significant (p<0.001) production of immune markers of infection like $IFN{\gamma}$, heat shock antigens (65, 71) and antibody titres against panel of M.tuberculosis antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10, Ag85B, 45kDa, GroES, Hsp-16) all of which correlated with high bacterial burden in lungs and spleen. To conclude high dose of subcutaneous infection produces chronic TB infection in mice and can be used as convenient alternative to aerosol models in resource limited settings. Moreover assessment of immune markers namely mycobacterial antigens and antibodies can provide us valuable insights on modulation of immune response post infection. However further investigations along with optimization of study protocols are needed to justify the outcome of present study and establish such markers as surrogate endpoints of vaccine protection in preclinical and clinical studies in future.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.381-382
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• 1994

Administration route dependency on the distribution of PEGylated recombinant human turor necrosis factor binding protein (rhTNFbp-PEG20K dimer) was observed following a subcutaneous (sc) and an intravenous (iv) administrationin rats. ehTNFbp-PEG20K dimer is composed of two rhTNGbp molecules (molecular weight 18, 278 daltons each) joined by polyethylene glycol 2000(PEG30K). The steady state distribution volume of rhTNFbp-PEG20K was 55 m/kg and 359 ml/kg following the i.v. and s.c. administrations, respectively. These results suggest that the distribution of ehTNFbp-PEG20K is limited within the cpillary space after i.v. administration, while rhTNFbp-PEG20K can distribute into a space (35.9% of body weight) which is between extracellylar space and total body water. A lymphatic absorption may paly a role in the distribution of rhTNFbp-PEF20K dimer following the sc administration. The present study suggests that the administration route of a lartge protein molecule should be determined depedning upon target sites.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.308-311
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted using indigenous Kivircik ewes to evaluate the effect of intravaginal progestagen sponges, containing 30 mg of fluorogestone acetate (FGA), followed by administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on inducing synchronized oestrus in the season and fertility. Three times of PMSG administration relative to sponge withdrawal (24 h before (n = 30), at (n = 29) or 24 h after (n= 29)) and two routes of PMSG administration (intramuscular (n = 46) and subcutaneous (n = 42) were compared for estrous response, number of multiple births and fecundity rates. There were no significant differences in terms of estrous response, due to differences in the time and route of PMSG administration. Lambing percentage, proportion of multiple births and fecundity were 75.6, 51.6 and 114.6%, respectively. The administration had a significant effect on lambing (p<0.05), multiple birth and fecundity rates (p<0.01). The subcutaneous administration of PMSG resulted in a significantly higher lambing rate (p<0.05) and fecundity rate (p<0.01), compared to the intramuscular injection of the PMSG.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 1994

As a series of safety studies of DA-3030, a new rhO-CSF, its local irritancy was examined in the rabbits after the following treatment; application into the conjunctival sac of the eye(single), subcutaneous injection(single), intramuscular injection(single), and intravenous injection(8-day repeated). In addition, paravenous irritation of DA-3030 was investigated in mice. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the result of ocular irritation test, 0.03% solution of DA-3030 could be considered as a non-irritating material. 2. The local irritation of DA-3030 by an injection of 0.5mι of its solution subcutaneously or intramuscularly was negligible and not so much different from that of saline. 3. In the vascular irritancy test, macro- and microscopic observations revealed that the irritating activity of DA-3030 in blood vessels was not different from that of saline when they were injected once a day into vein retroauricularis of rabbits for 8 days.4. The paravenous administration of DA-3030 did not induce any abnormal changes at injection sites except mild swelling in 1 mouse at 3 hours after injection which was thought to be due to slow absorption. The above-mentioned results suggest that DA-3030 has no irritating activity when injected through intravenous or subcutaneous route for clinical practice as 0.03% solution.