• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제57권3호
• /
• pp.8.1-8.8
• /
• 2015

Background: The demand for healthy, lean and consistent meat products containing low saturated fatty acid content and high quality polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially long-chain (${\geq}C_{20}$) omega-3 PUFA, has increased in recent times. Fat deposition is altered by both the genetic background and dietary supplements, and this study aimed to assess the effect of dietary Spirulina supplementation levels on the mRNA expression patterns of genes controlling lipid metabolism in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and Longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle of Australian crossbred sheep. Methods: Twenty-four weaned lambs belonging to four breeds under the same management conditions were maintained on ryegrass pasture and fed three levels of Spirulina supplement (control, low and high). In terms of nutrient composition, Spirulina is a nutrient-rich supplement that contains all essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. It also is a rich source of carotenoids and fatty acids, especially gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) that infer health benefits. After slaughter, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and ld samples were subjected to mRNA extraction and reverse transcription using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess the mRNA expression levels of the Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), Adrenergic beta-3 receptor (ADRB3), B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) and Fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes, which are associated with lipid metabolism. Results: Both low and high Spirulina supplementation levels strongly up-regulated the transcription of all the selected genes in both SAT and ld tissues (mostly in the subcutaneous adipose), but sheep breed and sex did not influence the gene expression patterns in these tissues. Conclusions: The evidence indicates that high Spirulina supplementation level resulted in a decrease in intramuscular fat content in Australian purebred and crossbred sheep due to the enhanced production of melatonin in sheep muscle tissues and strong up-regulation of mRNA expression of BTG2 in SAT which negatively affected fat deposition. In contrast, low Spirulina supplementation level strongly up-regulated the ADRB3 and FASN genes responsible for fat production. These findings are consistent with the observed phenotypic data suggesting that low Spirulina supplementation level can increase lamb production, with higher long-chain PUFA content.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.35-40
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 임신초기 초음파에 의해 측정된 임산부의 복부 피하지방두께(Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Thickness; ASFT)와 임신중기 발현되는 임신성당뇨(Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; GDM)와의 연관성을 확인하고 GDM 예측을 위한 ASFT의 기준을 알아보고자 하였다. 286명의 임산부를 대상으로 임신초기 ASFT를 측정한 후 임신중기 GDM 선별검사(50 g OGTT) 140 mg/dL 이상을 고위험군으로 산정하고 산모연령, 임신 전 체질량지수, 임신 중 체중증가량과 함께 비교 분석하였다. ROC 곡선분석을 이용하여 GDM 예측을 위한 ASFT의 cut-off value를 결정하였다. 산모연령, 임신 중 체중증가량은 임신중기 GDM과 관련성이 없었으며, 임신 전 체질량지수와 임신초기 ASFT는 정상군과 GDM 고위험군에서 의미있는 차이를 보였다. GDM 예측을 위한 ASFT의 cut-off value는 2.23 cm(AUC 0.913, Sensitivity 76.19%, Specificity 93.72%)로 결정하였다. 임신초기 초음파로 측정된 ASFT는 임신중기 GDM 예측을 위한 중요한 지표로 유용하게 평가되었다. 따라서 ASFT는 GDM을 조기에 인식하는데 있어서 보조적인 진단지표로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제50권3호
• /
• pp.160-165
• /
• 2006

Germanium is found in a range of minerals and ores and is present in foods including beans, tomato juice, oysters, tuna and garlic. Germanium is a non-metallic element, which can exist in valence states of 2 and 4. Clinical trials and use in private practices for more than a decade have demonstrated organic germanium's efficacy in treating serious disease including cancer, arthritis and senile osteoporosis. But it was rarely reported that inorganic germanium has biological properties. STB-BM contains mineral complex, rare earth elements and a little amount of Inorganic germanium. The experiment was carried out the anti-obesity effect. To investigate anti-obesity effect of STB-BM, we measured the effect of body weight, fat weight (subcutaneous fat, epididymal fat, visceral fat, kidney fat and total fat) and serum biochemical level in rats fed high fat diets. STB-BM 35 mg/kg suppressed the increasing ratio of body weight, epididymal fat weight, visceral fat weight, total fat weight, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.05).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.693-701
• /
• 2014

Background A thin perforator flap is one of the best methods for covering defects. This study aimed to revisit and further test the rapidly advancing field of flap thinning techniques. Methods We performed two cadaveric studies to test the known flap thinning methods, and then applied these methods to a clinical series. In the first study, five cadavers were used to observe the anatomical relation of the perforator with the subdermal plexuses and the subcutaneous fat layer by injecting a colored latex solution. The second study was done on four cadavers independently from the first study. Last, a clinical series was performed on 15 patients. Results The areolar fat lobules of 10 anterolateral thigh perforator (ALT), seven deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP), and six thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) flaps were dissected to reduce the flap thickness guided by the colored vascular pattern. On average, the ALT, DIEAP, and TAP flaps were reduced to $32.76%{\pm}9.76%$, $37.01%{\pm}9.21%$, and $35.42%{\pm}9.41%$, respectively. In the second study, the areolar fat lobules were directly dissected in six ALT, six TAP, and four MSAP flaps, and an average reduction in flap thickness of $53.41%{\pm}5.64%$, $52.30%{\pm}2.88%$, and $47.87%{\pm}6.41%$, respectively, was found. In the clinical series, 13 out of the 15 cases yielded satisfactory outcomes with an average thickness reduction of $37.91%{\pm}7.15%$. Conclusions These multiple studies showed that the deep fat layer could be safely removed to obtain a thin yet viable perforator flap. This evidence suggests that the macroscopic flap thinning technique can achieve thin flaps. Surgeons should consider this technique before embracing the latest technique of supermicrosurgery.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권7호
• /
• pp.976-986
• /
• 2015

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of lipid sources with different fatty acids profile on meat fatty acids profile and beef quality traits of Nellore. A total of 45 Nellore animals with an average initial body weight of $419{\pm}11kg$ (at $15{\pm}2mo$) were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments and 9 replicates. The roughage feed was maize silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF), and soybean grains (SG). No effects of lipid sources were observed (p>0.05) on beef color, pH, water-holding capacity, and sarcomere length. Beef from cattle fed PO had greater shear-force values (p<0.05) compared to beef from cattle fed WF. Deposition of main unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) was greater in treatments WF, SG, and LO, respectively, while the values of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were greater when animals were fed LO. The inclusion of LO in the diet enhances the concentration of CLA in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat besides improving the atherogenicity index and elongase activity. As such, LO can be used with the aim to improve the quality of beef from confined Nellore cattle. Conversely, the use of PO is not recommended since it may increase the concentration of undesirable unsaturated fatty acids in muscle and subcutaneous fat, shear-force and the atherogenicity index.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.189-195
• /
• 2012

Slim813은 2-사이클로펜텐-1-온 옥심 유도체로서 다양한 염증성 자극원에 대한 TNF 생성을 억제하는 항 자극 및 UV에 의한 MMP1 억제를 통한 항 노화 효능을 갖는 물질이다. 본 연구를 통하여 이와 같은 효능 외에도 완전히 분화된 지방 세포에서 cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) 생성 촉진을 통한 HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) 활성을 증대시킴으로써 지방분해를 증가시킴을 확인하였다. 또한 Slim813을 사람의 팔과 허벅지 부위에 2주간 도포하였을 때 지방의 두께 감소를 유발하는 것으로 나타나 체내 피하 지방을 분해하는 효능을 갖는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.233-236
• /
• 1995

Subepicardial space is one of the regions in which fat in moderate amount is normally deposited. When excess deposits of epicardial fat occur, penetration or infiltration of fat into the connective tissues between muscle bundles is observed. In some cases with very extensive involvement of epicardial fat,myocardial insufficiency and conduction system defect such as heart block have been implicated. More fat is deposited over the right ventricle than over left and the anterior surface contains more fat than dose the posterior surface. We studied 40 patients who underwent open heart surgery under the cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was designed to evaluate the percentage of the area of epicardial fat of the right ventricular anterior surface, which is more accessible area during the operative procedure. Other variables included thickness of subcutanous tissue of anterior chest wall, the ratio of waist to hip circumference, body weight and age. In conclusion, the amount of the epicardial fat correlates with thickness of the subcutaneous fat of the anterior chest wall and simple linear regression analysis indicates good correlation with body weight. Increased age results in large amount of epicardial fat.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국해양정보통신학회 2008년도 춘계종합학술대회 A
• /
• pp.405-407
• /
• 2008

광학적 방식에 의한 비침습적으로 신체 전체의 비만도를 측정하기 위해서는 단일 특정 부위에서 측정하는 것은 오차가 너무 크기 때문에 여러 부위에서 측정하고 이를 통계적 방법에 의해서 정확도를 높일 수 있다. 이를 위해서 백색광 LED광원을 이용하고 전기적 방식인 BIA(Bio-electrical Impedance)방식으로 동시에 측정하여 광전기적 지방측정에 관한 상관식을 유도하였다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제7권5호
• /
• pp.759-764
• /
• 2012

In this paper, we propose a microwave hyperthermic lipolysis method to reduce subcutaneous fat without skin burn using external RF antenna. Since skin is closer to the antenna and has higher conductivity compared to the fat beneath, the temperature of the skin rises higher than that of the fat when the external antenna illuminates EM energy into a body, which may cause skin burn. In order to avoid the damages on skin, a skin cooling system is employed to the external antenna. The operating frequency is set at 5.8 GHz which is one of the ISM bands, to concentrate EM power efficiently on fat and not to heat up the muscle behind the fat. The operation time and RF power level has been determined based on experimental results with pork. The feasibility of the proposed method was shown by applying the method to the rat.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제65권1호
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2023

Pork is known as one of the preferred part of meat worldwide. Especially, the belly, known as 'Samgyeopsal' in South Korea, has been preferred by consumers in South Korea. Pork belly contained various component muscles, intermuscular and subcutaneous fat. The high-fat belly cut (containing 50%-60% fat ratio) has a low preference in South Korea whereas, the standard belly cut (20%-40% fat ratio) of the consumer preference was different. In addition, the evaluation system focused on lean meat production, represented by loin eye area and back fat thickness. In this review, we discussed the pork belly structure, phenotypic correlation with lean meat production ability and meat quality, and genetic potential to confirm to possibility of application to pig breeding. Moreover, the confirmed possibilities considered that could be a base on the evaluation of standard for the pork belly as an economic trait.