• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.537-543
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• 2002

The purpose of the present study was to investigate structural stability of extensive laminectomy and the effect of subcutaneous fat autograft on restricting formation of postlaminectomy membrane (fibrous tissue). Eighteen healthy dogs of both sexes and of mixed breeding were divided into 6 groups : (1) unilateral hemilaminectomy (group H) on 3rd, 4th and 7th vertebrae ; (2) modified dorsal laminectomy (group D) on 3rd, 4th and 7th vertebrae. Hemilaminectomies were carried out incontinuously at 16 sites in 4 dogs, then subcutaneous fat autografts (group F) were applied to 8 laminectomy sites and no treatment (group C) was assigned to 8 laminectomy sites, too. Operating time of group H ($30.9{\pm}10.4$ minutes) was significantly shorter (p<0.05) than that of group D ($43.1{\pm}12.2$ minutes), but surgical hemorrhage of group H is severer than that of group D. General states, such as standing, gait, defecation and urination, were normal. Upper motor neuron/lower motor neuron signs were not found and superficial/deep pain, proprioception and anal sphincter tone were normal. Gross postmortem findings were similar in all groups. The laminectomy sites of groups H and D were filled with fibous connective tissue at 4 months after operation and histopathological abnormalities of spinal cord were not found. One of eight laminectomy sites in group F was filled with fibrous tissue at 2 months after operation, but all operating sites of group C were covered with fibrous tissue. The present study indicated that extensive laminectomy on 7 vertebrae, using unilateral hemilaminectomy and modified dorsal laminectomy technique, maintained structural stability and subcutaneous fat autograft was effective on reducing the formation of fibrous membrane in laminectomy sites.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.149-169
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• 2002

This study was designed to observe the efficacy of Boyangsengjang-Tang(BST) on the growth of rats. The effects on growth, and the secretion of hormones in the serum was measure. Male BALA/C mice(weight 20-25g), and male ICR rats(weigh 120-150g), were each divided into 3 groups : Sample A, Sample B and a Control group. Each group consisted of 4 mice and 5 rats. Mice received $5{\mu}{\ell}$ BST, and rats received $50{\mu}{\ell}$ BST, daily. Sample A was administered with normal BST for 3 weeks. Sample B was was administered with 10 times the normal amount of BST for 3 weeks. Control group was administered with normal saline for 3 weeks. The body weight, body length, subcutaneous fat, length of femur, serum GH, serum IGFBP-3 and serum in TSH were measured at 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The results were as follows ; 1. The body weigh of the rats increased significantly in Sample A after 3 weeks when compared with control group. 2. The body length in rats increased significantly in Sample A when compared with control group. 3. The amount of subcutaneous fat in the mice increased significantly in Sample B after 1 week when compared with control group. The amount of subcutaneous fat in rats increased significantly in Sample A and Sample B after 3 weeks when compared with the control group. 4. The length of the femur in rats increased significantly in Sample in A and Sample B in 1, 2, and 3 weeks when compared with the control group. 5. The level of GH, IGFBP-3 and TSH in the serum was not statically different when compared with the control group. According to the above results, BST (which reinforces the Kidney's Yang and strengthens muscle and bone) increases body weight, body length, subcutaneous fat and the length of the femur when compaired with the control group. BST therefore seems to improve growth.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a new method for extracting muscles from lumbar images. The proposed method sets areas without distortions with field expert's assistance as areas of measuring interest and removing noises from initial ultrasonic videos. Then, the method emphasizes the brightness contrast with Ends-in search stretching algorithm and separate thoracic vertebra from subcutaneous fat area using morphological characteristics. 4-directions contour tracing algorithm is applied to extract the bottom of subcutaneous fat area. Extracting thoracic vertebra area requires noise removal and morphological characteristics as well among candidate areas obtained by controlling min-max brightness. The thickness of muscles is then defined as the length between subcutaneous fat area and extracted thoracic vertebra. The experiment which consists of 368 image analysis verifies that the proposed method is more effective in measuring the thickness of muscles than before.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.677-685
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• 2015

Background The survival rate of grafted fat is difficult to predict, and repeated procedures are frequently required. In this study, the effects of the freezing period of harvested adipose tissue and the addition of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) on the process of fat absorption were studied. Methods Adipose tissue was obtained from patients who underwent a lipoaspirated fat graft. The fat tissue was cryopreserved at $-20^{\circ}C$ in a domestic refrigerator. A total of 40 nude mice were used. The mice in the experimental group received three different subcutaneous injections in the back: an injection of fresh fat and ASCs, an injection of fat that had been frozen for one month and ASCs, and an injection of fat that had been frozen for two months and ASCs. The control mice received fat grafts without ASCs. The mice were sacrificed at four or eight weeks after the procedure, and the grafted fat tissues were harvested. The extracted fat was evaluated using photographic analysis, volume measurements, and histological examination. Results In the control group, the fat resorption rates four weeks after transplantation in the grafts of fresh fat, fat that had been frozen for one month, and fat that had been frozen for two months were 21.14%, 22.46%, and 42.56%, respectively. In the experimental group, the corresponding resorption rates were 6.68%, 13.0%, and 33.9%, respectively. Conclusions ASCs can increase the fat graft survival rate. The use of ASCs in fat grafting can reduce the need for repeated fat grafts and provide good long term results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1266-1270
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the contents of vitamins A and E in carcass fat from Japanese Black and F1 cross cattle, because the method of controlling the amount of vitamin A in feed has been used in the production of expensive beef with high marbling in Japan. We determined the contents of tocopherol and retinol in subcutaneous and perirenal fats for 40 carcasses of Japanese Black and F1 (Holstein${\times}$Japanese Black crossed) cattle that had been sent to market from 10 prefectures. In bovine fat, free ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was present in the greatest amount, the level of ${\gamma}$-tocopherol was about 10% and there was only a trace of ${\delta}$-tocopherol. The means${\pm}$standard deviation of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol content in subcutaneous and perirenal fats were $0.68{\pm}0.33mg/100g$ and $0.54{\pm}0.23mg/100g$, respectively. The means${\pm}$standard deviation of retinol content in subcutaneous and perirenal fats were $2.9{\pm}4.5{\mu}g/100g$ and $2.9{\pm}5.1{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. Both vitamins differed widely between animals and were present at a relatively low level compared to other reports (${\alpha}$-tocopherol 2.4-5.4 mg/100 g fat tissue and $30-220{\mu}g/100g$ muscle tissue). The correlation coefficients between subcutaneous and perirenal fats for retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol content were 0.97 (p<0.01) and 0.82 (p<0.01), respectively, which showed high correlation. However, the correlation coefficients between retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol contents for subcutaneous and perirenal fats were 0.11 and 0.08, respectively, which showed low correlation. Breed effect was observed in both vitamins. These results indicated that vitamins A and E in fat from Japanese Black and F1 cross cattle under the vitamin A controlling method are present at relatively low levels and feeds need to be supplemented with vitamin E.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.162-171
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• 2007

Obesity is an independent risk factor fur coronary artery disease in the postmenopausal women, which may be mediated by alteration of blood lipid metabolism. We are aimed to evaluate the effects of low energy diet, restriction of high fat foods and exercise education on weight, fat mass and blood lipid profile. Fifteen postmenopausal obese women were studied. Subjects received detailed advice about how to achieve a reduction of weight by a low-energy diet (1,200kcal), restriction of high fat food and increased exercise in every 4 wks during 8 wk. To evaluate the effectiveness for education programs, dietary fat habit and daily nutrient intakes, exercise were tested before and after intervention. Anthropometry, computerized tomography, and blood lipid profile were assessed before and after intervention. According to the nutrition education, energy intake (from 1776.1 ${\pm}$ 28.2 kcal to 1268.7 ${\pm}$ 115.2 kcal, p < 0.001) and percent of energy from fat (21.9%, p < 0.01) were significantly decreased. However, the index of nutritional quality was over 1.0. On the contrary, exercise (from 341.3 ${\pm}$ 222.1 kcal to 569.4 ${\pm}$ 309.8 kcal, p < 0.05) was increased and dietary fat habit scores (from 30.8 ${\pm}$ 5.2 to 36.1 ${\pm}$ 3.0, p < 0.01) were improved. Also, body weight (4.2%, p < 0.001), BMI (4.5%, p < 0.001), body fat mass (3.4%, p < 0.05) and waist to hip ratio (1.1%, p < 0.05) were decreased. Among abdominal fat, visceral fat (26.1%, p < 0.05) and subcutaneous fat (14.8%, p < 0.01) were decreased. But there was no difference in visceral fat to subcutaneous fat ratio. We observed HDL-cholesterol increase (11.7%, p < 0.05), triglyceride reduction(14.8%, p < 0.05) and atherogenic index improvement (from 2.7 ${\pm}$ 0.7 to 2.3 ${\pm}$ 0.7, p < 0.05) However, there was no change in LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol. Theses results showed that low energy diet, restriction of high fat foods and exercise education could result in reduction of body weight, fat mass, visceral and subcutaneous fat, and in improvement of blood lipid profile in the postmenopausal obese women.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.29-32
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose a novel method to extract muscle area from lumbar ultrasonographic image. The muscle area resided in lumbar area can be defined as the area between thoracic vertebra and subcutaneous fat area. A modified 4-directional contour tracing algorithm is designed to detect the boundaries and candidate areas are extracted and verified by the morphological characteristics of lumbar area. The experiment using 392 lumbar images verifies that the proposed method is sufficiently effective by showing over 94% accuracy in extraction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.693-699
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• 2004

Live animal selection programs that favor animals with a minimum amount of carcass fat are used for improving breeding flocks of sheep. To predict carcass characteristics of live sheep using body measurements in breeding flocks, 200 male and female lambs of two fat-tailed Iranian sheep breeds (Moghani and Makui) were used. Depth of soft tissue over the 12th rib of the live animals was measured with ultrasound (ULGR) and with hypodermic needle (NGR). The height at withers (HW), body length (BL), circumference of heart girth (CH) and width of hooks (WH), were measured. All animals were slaughtered; carcasses were cut into joints and dissected. Breed had a significant effect on all of the live easurements. The Moghani breed showed a higher value for HW, CH, ULGR and NGR, compared to that of Makui. Except for soft tissue depths; ULGR, NGR and GR, the male lambs showed higher values in live and carcass measurements than females. Percentages of carcass, total fat and intermuscular fat in females were higher than that of male lambs. In spite of the higher amount of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat in female (which is usually used for their physiological need, such as pregnancy and lactation), the male lambs had a heavier fat-tail than females. There was a wide range of variation of percentage of total carcass fat and total chemical fat content of carcass in the two breeds. Eventually this wide variation could be use by animal breeders for selection of animals with a lesser amount of carcass fat. Live weight of lambs showed a relatively low correlation with percentage of carcass lean, total fat and subcutaneous and intermuscular fat. Total lean meat was predicted with relatively high coefficients of determination in the two breeds ($R^2$=0.61 and 0.89, respectively). Live weight and carcass traits were predicted using simple measurements, but with $R^2$ ranging from 0.53 to 0.93.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of low frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training on abdominal obesity in middle-aged women through electromyography and ultrasound. METHODS: Twenty-two middle aged women with abdominal obesity participated in the study. A low-frequency NMES device was used on the abdomen and waist of each subject for 20 minutes each (a total of 40 minutes) three times a week for eight weeks. The waist-hip ratio (WHR), weight and BMI (Body Mass Index) were measured. Electromyography (EMG) and ultrasound measurements were performed three times in total (pre-intervention, four weeks into the intervention, and eight weeks post-intervention) to examine the effects of low-frequency NMES on the abdominal muscle activity, muscle thickness, and subcutaneous fat. RESULTS: The results indicated a difference in the WHR and waist circumference before and after intervention (p<.05). The external oblique muscle (EO) showed a significant increase in muscle activity during all measurements taken post-intervention (p<.05). The abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness also showed a significant decrease between each measurement (p<.05). The test results showed that the abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness values taken eight weeks post-intervention were significantly lower than those taken pre-intervention and four weeks into the intervention (p<.05). CONCLUSION: These findings show that low-frequency NMES device training can be applied to middle-aged women with abdominal obesity to improve their body shape and exercise performance.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.9-16
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• 2014

Electrode contact resistance is a crucial factor in physiological measurements and can be an accuracy limiting factor to perform electrical impedance measurements. The electrical bio-impedance values can be calculated by the conductivity and permittivity of underlying tissue using implant electrode in human skin. In this study we focus on detecting physiological changes in the human skin layers such as the sebum layer, stratum corneum layer, epidermis layer, dermis layer, subcutaneous fat and muscle. The aim of this paper is to obtain optimal design for implantable electrode at subcutaneous fat layer through the simulation by finite element methods(FEM). This is achieved by evaluating FEM simulations geometrically for different electrodes in length(50 mm, 70 mm), in shape(rectangle, round square, sexangle column), in material(gold) and in depth(22.325 mm) based on the information coming from the subcutaneous fat layer. In bio-impedance measurement experiments, according to electrode shapes and applied voltage, we have ascertained that there was the highest difference of bio-impedance in subcutaneous fat layer. The methodology of simulation can be extended to account for different electrode designs as well as more physical phenomena that are relevant to electrical impedance measurements of skin and their interpretation.