• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the vulnerability of the human health sector to $PM_{10}$ due to climate change in Incheon over the period of 2005-2014. Methods: Vulnerability to $PM_{10}$ consists of the three categories of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The indexes for climate exposure and sensitivity indicate positive effects, while adaptive capacity shows a negative effect on vulnerability to $PM_{10}$. The variables in each category were standardized by the rescaling method, and respective relative regional vulnerability was analyzed through the vulnerability index calculation formula of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Results: Regions with a high exposure index were the western and northern urban areas with industrial complexes adjacent to a highway, including Bupyong-gu and Seo-gu. Major factors determining the climate exposure index were the $PM_{10}$ concentration, days of $PM_{10}$ >= $100{\mu}g/m^3$, and $PM_{10}$ emissions. The regions showing a high sensitivity index were urban regions with high populations; these commonly had a high mortality rate for related diseases and vulnerable populations. Conclusions: This study is able to support regionally adjusted adaptation policies and the quantitative background of policy priority since it provides information on the regional health vulnerability to $PM_{10}$ due to climate change in Incheon.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.53-76
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• 2010

This paper attempts to estimate and compare environmental Kuznets curves (EKC) for$CO_2$ emissions of five regions constituting South Korea. For this, panel data of $CO_2$ emission for these regions are constucted for the period 1990 - 2007. Close inter-dependency among these five regions is considered by using a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model. In addition to real per-capita income, price index of energy sources and population dens ity are included as control variables. Results of estimates show the robust existence of EKC's in all these regions. EKC turning points of five regions range between 13.7 and 21.6 million Korean Won, showing a large variation. This difference among regions should be conisidered for the effective implementation of policies targeting the reduction of $CO_2$ emmission. In addition, the increase of energy price is found help reduce the $CO_2$ emmision while the rise of population density seems to lead to the increase of $CO_2$ emission.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.191-202
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• 2013

This study aims at providing the basic information required for policies on return to countryside for farming or else, through analysing the actual state of settlement and the community of people returning to rural areas. The comparative analysis of people returning toward general village and sub-urban residential complex in rural has been done to figure out the settlement environment. And the status analysis targeting the people returning to rural areas and original residents who live in general village have been done to figure out the actual state of the community. As a result, people returning toward sub-urban residential complex in rural moved for something else, while people returning toward general village in rural moved with the purpose of farming. Like this, the aims of moving into rural areas show difference. There is little conflict between people returning to rural areas and original residents, but some people have an intention to move the other place due to the conflict with original residents. So the community revitalization is needed for the active responses and suitable adaptation of them. On the basis of this study, policy tasks for return to countryside for farming or else were suggested as follows; 1) It is necessary to formulate each policy on return for farming and something else to rural areas discriminatively. 2) The economic support for a stable settlement of people returning to rural areas and the programs activating community with original residents are required. The discussion about the new community formation is needed to respond to the increase of people returning to rural areas.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

The increases of industrial and technological development and human activities have disturbed the balance of natural nitrogen (N) circulation. These phenomena have induced that large amounts of N are to be present in excess in air, soil and water environment. We investigated the effects of excess of reactive nitrogen ($N_r$) compounds on soil and water environment ecosystems through literature and case studies, and suggested the strategy of mitigating the acidification in soil and water ecosystems. $N_r$ moves to air, soil and water media, can be converted to different types, and interacts with other chemical compounds. As an efficient N management plan, the evaluation (application of monitoring and safety index) and the chemical restoration (research and development) of the acidification in soil and water environment ecosystems are required to minimize the effects of $N_r$ as well as policies to regulate the various emission sources and amounts of $N_r$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2005

It is widely accepted that, at present, the SO$_2$ emissions in China are not increasing thanks to the rigorous Chinese government policies. However, with the development of western China, it is possible that the SO$_2$ emission amounts might increase in regional scale. In this study, changes of sulfur deposition pattern and unprotected ecosystem in east Asia due to the sulfur emission pattern changes in China are studied by using the RAINS-Asia model. Five scenarios have been postulated to understand the effects on east Asia, especially, on Korea and Japan. It is found that the increase of SO$_2$ emission in western China might increase the total emission in whole China. And the amount of sulfur deposition from western China on east Asia would be higher than those from eastern China. The deposition amount of sulfur species on Asia is 3.2 Mt when SO$_2$ are emitted from western China only while 2.6 Mt from eastern China only. Generally, Korea and Japan are influenced more by emissions from eastern China than western China. However, if the SO$_2$ emissions from western China increase by 100% while those decrease by 10% in eastern China compared to the base case, the deposition amount of sulfur species on Korea and Japan would be higher than the base case. The fraction of unprotected ecosystem in Korea and Japan for the base case are 50 and 5%. However, if the emissions from western China increase by 100% while those decrease by 10% in eastern China, the fraction of unprotected ecosystem in Korea and Japan would be 52 and 6%.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.73-84
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• 2020

The whole world is making a variety of efforts to cope with the revolutionary changes in the economy and society that are emerging from intelligent information technology. Therefore, this study defined national public officials' intelligence information competency in the intelligent information society, and tried to derive competency clusters and sub-elements. To achieve this objective, this study explores literature research about bloom's digital taxonomy, information competency, and national ICT policies and national public officials' intelligence information competency was defined based on bloom's digital taxonomy perspective was modified and supplemented with this study and provisional constituent elements of competency were derived. In addition, 5 experts verified the content validity. As a result, 7 competency clusters and 22 sub-elements are finally derived. The findings of this study are expected to be useful as the basis for the national intelligence information human resource development.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2016

This study aims to evaluate the effect of shortened final cutting age by estimating future $CO_2$ absorption in each different scenarios based on each final cutting ages before and after shortening. We used $5^{th}$ Forest Type Map and Forest Yield Table to obtain information to estimate $CO_2$ absorption of forest. We also designed a simulated future scenarios from 2010 to 2100 which repeats cutting and reforestation according to respected each final cutting ages. As the result, number of cuttings and total amount of $CO_2$ absorption of forest were increased with shortened final ages. Total cutting times increased up to 2 in both minimum and maximum amount for Quescus spp. and Larix kaempferi. Maximum number of cutting of Pinus densiflora and minimum number of Pinus koraiensis increased by 1. Total $CO_2$ absorption increased 12％ for Quercus spp. which had the largest number of increase in cutting times, while total $CO_2$ absorption of Pinus koraiensis only increased by 1％. The result could be used to evaluate the changes in forest management plans and policies and then develop optimal final age for efficient sustainable forest management plans.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.197-206
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting unmet healthcare needs due to physical accessibility by residential area by utilizing the Korea Community Health Survey (KCHS). Methods: Andersen's medical service behavioral model was applied to analyze the enabling factors, predisposing factors, and needs factors of unmet healthcare needs focusing on residential areas. This study used data from the KCHS (2017-2019, n=440,792). We used multivariate survey logistic regression analysis in order to identify affecting factors. Sub-group analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of residential areas. Results: Some participants (2,621, 0.59%) had experienced unmet healthcare needs due to physical accessibility and 2,047 subjects (78.1%) of them lived in rural areas. Multivariate survey logistic regressions revealed that experience of unmet healthcare needs due to physical accessibility increased when people lived in rural areas (odds ratio [OR], 3.95; 95% confidence interval, 3.46-4.51). Conclusion: This study showed that despite the development of transportation and efforts to alleviate medical inequality, residents in rural areas may still have higher experience of unmet healthcare needs due to physical accessibility compared to the metropolitan city regardless of any other sub-group differences (OR range, 1.90-6.31). This study suggested that government and policymakers should identify the causes of the experience of unmet healthcare needs due to physical accessibility and should develop policies to alleviate those healthcare disparities.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.73-89
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• 2023

Due to continuous promotion of green alternatives to toxic petrochemicals by government policies, research efforts towards the development of green corrosion inhibitors have intensified recently. The objective of the current work was to develop novel green and sustainable corrosion inhibitors derived from 4-aminoantipyrine to effectively prevent corrosion of mild steel in corrosive environments. Gravimetric methods were used to investigate corrosion inhibition of 4-((furan-2-ylmethylene)amino)antipyrine (FAP) and 4-((pyridin-2-ylmethylene)amino)antipyrine (PAP) for mild steel in 1 M HCl. FAP and PAP were subjected to quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT). DFT was used to determine the mechanism of mild steel corrosion inhibition using inhibitors tested in HCl. Results demonstrated that these tested inhibitors could effectively inhibit mild steel corrosion in 1.0 M HCl. At 0.0005 M, these inhibitors' efficiencies for FAP and PAP were 93.3% and 96.5%, respectively. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was obeyed by these inhibitors on the mild steel surface. Values of adsorption free energies, ΔG^o_ads, revealed that FAP followed chemical and physical adsorptions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.116-116
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• 2020

Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) is a highly mountainous and remote region covering 45% of Upper Indus Basin (UIB) with around 1.8 million population is vulnerable to climate change and socio-economic growth makes water resources management and planning more complex. To understand the water scarcity in the region this study is carried out to project water supply and demand for agricultural and domestic sector under various climate-socio-economic scenarios in five sub catchments of GB i.e., Astore, Gilgit, Hunza, Shigar and Shyok for a period of 2015 to 2050 using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model. For climate change scenario ensembled mean of three global climate models (GCMs) was used under three different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5). The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and agricultural Land Development (LD) scenarios were combined with climate scenarios to develop climate-socio-economic scenario. Our results indicate that the climate change and socio-economic growth would create a gap between supply and demand of water in the region, with socio-economic growth (e.g. agricultural and population) as dominant external factor that would reduce food production and increase poverty level in the region. Among five catchments only Astore and Gilgit will face shortfall of water while Shyoke would face shortfall of water only under agricultural growth scenarios. We also observed that the shortfall of water in response to climate-socio-economic scenarios is totally different over two water deficient catchments due to its demography and geography. Finally, to help policy makers in developing regional water resources and management policies we classified five sub catchments of UIB according to its water deficiency level.