• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this work is to investigate correlation between $CO_2$ concentration and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in North East Asia. Geographically weighted regression techniques were used to evaluate the spatial relationships between GOSAT (Greenhouse Observing SATellite) $CO_2$ measurement and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) vegetation index. The results reveals that $CO_2$ concentration to be negatively associated with NDVI. The analysis of Global Morans' I index and Anselin Local Morasn's I showed spatial autocorrelation between the overall spatial pattern of $CO_2$ and NDVI. Ultimately, there were clustered patterns in both data sets. The results show that carbon dioxide concentration shows non-random distribution patterns in relation to NDVI clusters, which proves that intense development activities such as deforestation are influencing carbon dioxide emission across the area of analysis. However, as the concentration of carbon dioxide varies depending on a variety of factors such as artificial sources, plant respiration, and the absorption and discharge of the ocean, follow-up studies are required to evaluate the correlations among more related variables.

• Journal of KIBIM
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2015

We have researched a character of BIM(Building Information Modeling) and GIS(Geographic Information System) data for integrated utilization of urban spatial data and building data for $CO_2$ reduction. We consider literature on integrated utilization of BIM and GIS and measure method of $CO_2$ in urban spatial unit. Among them without distortion of standard data structure, derive method how to install between BIM and GIS standard data. Rhino & Grasshopper is utilization tools of DB platform. The compatibility with existing BIM and GIS data format, graphic and numeric results can be output at the same time. And using the existing ARCHSIM, it can be easily combined for building energy analysis program. Based on BIM and GIS data to run an energy analysis target on Majang-dong, it could be poly synthetically derived the value information and graphic information.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.649-659
• /
• 2005

A window presentation style, either tiled window or single page design, determines the spatial arrangement of information in a modern computer-based instructional design. This study investigates the interaction between spatial ability and window presentation style in terms of student's achievement of cognitive knowledge through Web-based instruction. Seventy-one students from the Falk School in Pennsylvania were pre-tested to determine their level of spatial ability, then randomly divided into two treatment groups in order to study a Web-based instructional unit on flowering plants. The Web-based instructional package was organized with either tiled window presentation or single page presentation. A posttest measured participants'acquisition of the instructional content. Posttest and spatial ability test scores were analyzed using multi-variate linear regression for the full sample (n=71) and three sub-samples: (a) 4th and 5th grade students only, (b) female students only, and (c) 4th and 5th grade female students only. The goals of the data analysis included the examination of (i) the correlation between spatial ability and posttest scores; (ii) the correlation between window presentation style and posttest score; and (iii) the interaction between spatial ability (aptitude) and presentation style (treatment).The data from all four sample groups showed a significant relationship between spatial ability and achievement of cognitive knowledge at the 1% level of significance. The aptitude-treatment interaction between spatial ability and style of window presentation was not significant in the full sample, but was significant in the sub-samples either at the 10% or 5% level. In neither the full sample nor any sub-sample data did window presentation style have an impact on average posttest score. In all analyses, the higher the level of spatial ability, the higher the posttest score. The sub-samples revealed that students with low spatial ability performed better with the tiled window presentation, while those with high spatial ability did better with the single page presentation. Neither window presentation style was shown to better foster learning by children of all levels of spatial ability.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.717-726
• /
• 2018

PM(Particulate Matter) cause serious diseases of air pollution. Most of the studies have analyzed local distribution trends using satellite images or modeling techniques. However,the method using the spatial interpolation method based on the meteorological value is insufficient in Korea. In this study, monthly spatial distribution of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in January, February, March, and April of 2018 Seoul Metropolitan City were analyzed based on 39 PM monitoring networks. In addition, a distribution map showing the difference between $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was based on the distribution obtained through this study. The regions of high $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ emissions were selected. In addition, the correlation between $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was confirmed through the distribution map. This study analyzed the spatial distribution variation results of analyzing $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Seoulthrough spatial analysis technique. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that $PM_{10}$ shows high measured value on the roadside measurement station.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.224-228
• /
• 2015

In this paper, we study the method for desired signals estimation that array antennas are received signals. We apply sub spatial method of direction of arrival algorithm and adaptive array antennas in order to remove interference and noise signal of received antenna signals. Array response vector of adaptive array antenna is probability, it is correctly estimation of direction of arrival of targets to update weight signal. Desired signals are estimated updating covariance matrix after moving interference and noise signals among received signals. We estimate signals using eigen decomposition and eigen value, high resolution direction of arrival estimation algorithm is devided signal sub spatial and noise sub spatial. Though simulation, we analyze to compare proposed method with general method.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.359-388
• /
• 2012

The study aims to extract the framework of sub-factors of spatial sense, to develop test instruments based on the framework to investigate the actual spatial sense ability of fourth to sixth graders in elementary school and to analyze the results. According to the framework of sub-factors of spatial sense of the study, spatial sense has two factors of spatial visualization and spatial orientation. Spatial visualization is divided into mental rotation, mental transformation and figure-ground perception while spatial orientation is categorized into direction sense, distance sense, and location sense. Based on the framework, the test instrument for spatial sense ability was developed and the test was conducted to 430 fourth to sixth students in five elementary schools in capital areas. The following conclusions were drawn from the results obtained in the study. Firstly, the higher school year gets, the more spatial sense grows. However, spatial visualization is developed much more than spatial orientation and their order is reversed with higher graders. Secondly, the most insufficient abilities among fourth to sixth elementary school students' spatial sense were mental transformation of spatial visualization and location sense of spatial orientation. Thirdly, the reasons of differences in sub-factors of spatial sense and graders seem to be from effects of students' learning experiences of spatial sense of mathematics curriculum and the complexities of test items.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.221-229
• /
• 2022

This study was aimed to investigate spatial and vertical characteristics of greenhouse environments according to the location of the environmental sensors, and to investigate the correlations between temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration according to the type of greenhouse. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), CO₂, and light sensors were installed in the four-different vertical positions of the whole canopy as well as ground and roof space at the five spatial locations of the Venlo greenhouse. Also, correlations between temperature, light intensity, and CO₂ concentration in Venlo and semi-closed greenhouses were analyzed using the Curve Expert Professional program. The deviations among the spatial locations were larger in the CO₂ concentration than other environmental factors in the Venlo greenhouse. The average CO₂ concentration ranged from 465 to 761 µmol·mol^-1 with the highest value (646 µmol·mol^-1) at the Middle End (4ME) close to the main pipe (50Ø) of the liquefied CO₂ gas supply and lowest (436 µmol·mol^-1) at the Left Middle (5LM). The deviation among the vertical positions was greater in temperature and relative humidity than other environments. The time zone with the largest deviation in average temperature was 2 p.m. with the highest temperature (26.51℃) at the Upper Air (UA) and the lowest temperature (25.62℃) at the Lower Canopy (LC). The time zone with the largest deviation in average RH was 1 p.m. with the highest RH (76.90%) at the LC and the lowest RH (71.74%) at the UA. The highest average CO₂ concentration at each hour was Roof Air (RF) and Ground (GD). The coefficient of correlations between temperature, light intensity, and CO₂ concentration were 0.07 for semi-closed greenhouse and 0.66 for Venlo greenhouse. All the results indicate that while the CO₂ concentration in the greenhouse needs to be analyzed in the spatial locations, temperature and humidity needs to be analyzed in the vertical positions of canopy. The target CO₂ fertilization concentration for the semi-closed greenhouse with low ventilation rate should be different from that of general greenhouses.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.35 no.6_3
• /
• pp.1173-1185
• /
• 2019

We, for the first time, retrieved sulfur dioxide (SO₂) vertical column density (VCD) in industrial and volcanic areas from TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) using the Principle component analysis(PCA) algorithm. Furthermore, SO₂ VCDs retrieved by the PCA algorithm from TROPOMI raw data were compared with those retrieved by the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithm (TROPOMI Level 2 SO₂ product). In East Asia, where large amounts of SO₂ are released to the surface due to anthropogenic source such as fossil fuels, the mean value of SO₂ VCD retrieved by the PCA (DOAS) algorithm was shown to be 0.05 DU (-0.02 DU). The correlation between SO₂ VCD retrieved by the PCA algorithm and those retrieved by the DOAS algorithm were shown to be low (slope = 0.64; correlation coefficient (R) = 0.51) for cloudy condition. However, with cloud fraction of less than 0.5, the slope and correlation coefficient between the two outputs were increased to 0.68 and 0.61, respectively. It means that the SO₂ retrieval sensitivity to surface is reduced when the cloud fraction is high in both algorithms. Furthermore, the correlation between volcanic SO₂ VCD retrieved by the PCA algorithm and those retrieved by the DOAS algorithm is shown to be high (R = 0.90) for cloudy condition. This good agreement between both data sets for volcanic SO₂ is thought to be due to the higher accuracy of the satellite-based SO₂ VCD retrieval for SO₂ which is mainly distributed in the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere in volcanic region.

• Proceeding of KASS Symposium
• /
• 2005.05a
• /
• pp.227-235
• /
• 2005

The earthquake-resistant structural systems have to ensure the sufficient stiffness and ductility for the stability. For those purposes, recently, the performance design concept to increase the degree of absorbed energy level of structures has been proposed. One practical way of the performance design in the spatial structures is to apply the isolation system to boundary parts of roof system and sub-structure to obtain the target performance. So, it is necessary to examine the characteristics of dynamic behavior of spatial structures governed by higher modes rather than lower modes different from the cases of high rise buildings. The objectives of this paper are to develop the equivalent model to simplify the analytical processes and to investigate the dynamic behavior of roof system according to the mass and the stiffness of sub-structures as a fundamental study of performance design for the spatial structures.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.20-24
• /
• 2012