• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 1991

An eating behavior research was done with 50 females at a buffet styled restaurant during their lunch time. Of the respondents, 52.0% were professional and 54.0% were graduate school graduates. Of the respondents, 58.0% of the company were friends and 24.0% were relatives. The average time period of eating was $93.0{\pm}23.4$ minutes. The average frequency of taking food was $4.0{\pm}1.1$ and the average frequency of taking food after satiety was $1.4{\pm}0.8$. It is significant that lower frequency of food consumption was directly proportional to the age groups of respondents. The average selected food items were $30.4{\pm}7.1$ out of 175 and the average weight of the consumed food was $995.0{\pm}240.9$ g. The older age group chose a similar number of food items, but the amount of each food item was considerably less than younger. So the younger the age group was, the more they ate. The average food items at one time was $7.1{\pm}2.2$ and the average food weight time was $233.7{\pm}69.7$ g. The percentage of respondents who evaluated themselves as 'ate too much' was 70.0% and those who evaluate themselves 'ate properly' was 14.0%. Most of them were satisfied with the buffet service. The average of number of food items consumed by respondents before cooking was $50.5{\pm}8.9$. The consumption of calories and nutrients was compared with the Korean Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances. The consumed calories were 60.9% of RDAs, protein 104.4%, calcium 77.1%, iron 129.8%, vitamin A 66.5%, thiamin 96.0%, riboflavin 95.7%, niacin126.6% and ascorbic acid 112.3%. This data exceeded 1/3 of the Korean Daily RDAs tremendously and tells us extreme overeating. The energy ratio of carbohydrate: fat: protein was 51.6: 29.9: 18.5. Caloric consumption of animal food was 27.9% and the consumption rate of the other nutrients from animal food was considerably high. But the consumption rate of vitamin A was 90.9% from vegetable groups. Accoding to this study, buffet service gives some advantages. It gives customers an good opportunity to vary their food intake, which enhances eating experiences and can cause an improvemont of food habits. But overeating is a problem. Therefore, we think it is necessary for those women who have influence over their family's food selection, to have nutrition education about a desirable order of eating a meal, food selection, and health problems due to overeating at buffet styled restaurant. There should be some improvement in the management of buffet service. For example, proper temperature, texture, and freshness of the food should be maintained. Prevention of mixed food smells should be considered as well. To lower the price it is desirable to reduce the number of similar items and to use seasonal food as much as possible. A buffet styled restaurant with less food items with cheaper prices is recommended. Various traditional food should be developed for the menu items. We expect buffet services to be sutable to maintain good health and to be popular to any eater.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of 12-week weight control program including nutrition education, diet therapy and regular exercise on body weight, obesity degree, BMI and blood lipid levels among middle aged obese women. The 31 middle aged obese women participated in the weight control program for 12-week. The body weight, body composition, blood lipid levels and food habit were measured before and after the weight control program. Changes in body weight after 12 week weight control program showed the slight reduction from $67.4{\pm}10.8kg\;to\;65.1{\pm}9.2kg$. Obesity degree and BMI were decreased from $128.4{\pm}19.1%,\;27.8{\pm}3.9\;to\;123.4{\pm}15.7%,\;26.8{\pm}3.0$, respectively. Waist-hip ratio was also decreased from $0.98{\pm}10.16\;to\;0.94{\pm}0.04$. LBM was also slightly reduced from $39.9{\pm}5.6kg\;to\;37.0{\pm}8.5kg$ with the reduction of body fat. The levels of systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride were slightly decreased, HDL-chol level was significantly increased from $43.1{\pm}14.1mg/dL\;to\;50.4{\pm}16.5mg/dL$. Waist-hip ratio was also slightly decreased after 12 weeks. Food habit score was significantly increased after nutriton education and personal counseling about their eating behaviors and nutritional status.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.439-452
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• 2018

This study was carried out to establish of environment-friendly control system and to survey the occurrence status of Ricania shanthungensis in Jeonnam province from 2016 to 2017. R. shanthungensis occurred at 1,344 ha in 61 towns of 15 cities in Gwangju and Jeonnam province. At four sites in the stationary area, the densities of eggmass and pupae were lower in 2017 than in 2016, the hatching rate decreased, and the first hatching time, emergence of adults, and the start of spawning tended to be slower. Telenomus sp., an egg parasitoid of R. shanthungensis, was found in most areas. Sunchon had the highest rate of 46.1%, followed by Muan 40.6, Goksung 29.2, Gurye 25.8, and Gwangju 17, respectively. The optimum spraying time for the control of R. shanthungensis was early March. The spraying material and the dilution multiples are 10 times of the machine oil at environmental friendly cultivation and 500 times of the chlorpriphosphate wp. at normal cultivation. When sprayed these materials, 95% of egg prohibited to hatch. There was more than 80% of the insecticidal effects on the organic materials of the machine oil emulsion, the Sophora root extrect + microbial extract agent, and the castor emulsion. For adults, Sophora root extrect + microbial extract, neem extract, and machine oil were better. Four kinds of chemical pesticides such as dinotefuran wp were effective for nymph and adult control. We have developed an adult catching device using the most preferred daylight color and behavioral habits of R. shanthungensis. The capture device consisted of two daylight compact lamps (30W and 20W), a yellow plate, and a catcher using water, and caught about 700 individuals a day. Based on the above results, we have established a system for controlling and life cycle of R. shanthungensis in Jeonnam province.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.213-229
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• 2013

Purpose: The Nutrient intake during the growth period is a critical factor for the development of the vision. In this study, we have analyzed the nutrient that has a correlation with the decrease of induced visual impairment. In addition, we investigated visual acuity and correlation of the nutrient in the higher-income youth and low-income youth. Methods: We used the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010 document. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey didn't show the clear standard of carbohydrates and fats, so we used the data from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety standards with each 330 g, 51 g. In order to compare the correlation of nutrients and refraction, Nutrients has been classified macronutrients(energy, dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrate, fat), fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A), water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin), trace minerals (iron), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium) and water. Results: We investigated the correlation between refraction and nutrients on average about 328 subjects belonging to the high-income group. The fat intake was $54.21{\pm}32.60$ g, and it was about 2~10 times less than the recommended daily intake (112-540 g). Refractive power and fat intake showed a statistically significant correlation (O.D:p=0.033, O.S:p=0.029). We investigated the correlation between refraction and nutrients on average about 309 subjects belonging to the lowincome group. The phosphorus showed higher ingested by the $1118.75{\pm}501.98$ mg, and the sodium showed intake more than three times recommended intake by the $3705.24{\pm}2089.42$ mg. In addition, unlike other macro mineral it showed that was a correlation on the refraction by the 0.031. Conclusions: A broad variety of taking nutrition and good eating habits at the time of growth seems to have an effects to the good growth and vision and the senescence inhibition of vision.ave an effect to the good growth, the good vision and the senescence inhibition of vision.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.414-427
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to develop an eating habit checklist for screening elementary school children at high risk of energy overintake. Dietary habits, food intake, anthropometric data were collected from 142 children (80 boys and 62 girls) in the 4th to 6th grades of elementary schools. Energy intake, fat intake, and percentage of Estimated Energy Requirement (%EER) were used as indices to detect the risk of energy overintake of the children. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between dietary habit scores and energy overintake indices in order to select questions included in the checklist. TV watching during the meal, meal speed, meal amount, overintake frequency, eatingout frequency, snack frequency, frequency of eating Ramyun or fast foods showed significant correlations with energy overintake indices. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to give each item a different weight by prediction strength. To determine the cut-off point of the test score, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated. The 7-item checklist with test results from 0 to 13 points was developed, and those with equal or higher than 5 points were diagnosed as a risk group of energy overintake. Among our subjects 13.4% was diagnosed as the risk group. Mean energy intake of the subjects in the risk group and the normal group were 2,650 kcal and 1,640 kcal, respectively. However, there were no significant differences of Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) of the other nutrients except eating fiber between the risk group and the normal group. This checklist will provide a useful screening tool to identify children at high risk of energy overintake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 2015

Purpose: Along with the adaptation of a Western dietary pattern and low physical activity, pediatric obesity is increasing in Korea, especially for boys. The aim of this study was to identify dietary behavior patterns and examine the snack consumption, dietary habit, and pediatric obesity by pattern groups. Methods: Boys aged 15~19 years were recruited from one high school in Seoul. A questionnaire including dietary behaviors and lifestyle factors was administered and height and weight were measured. A total of 932 boys participated except boys who had missing or incomplete response (n = 30). Three dietary behavior patterns were identified by cluster analysis; 'Healthy pattern', 'Mixed pattern' and 'Unhealthy pattern'. Results: Snack consumption differed according to dietary behavior patterns group. The healthy and mixed patterns showed higher frequencies of white milk and fruit consumption while the unhealthy pattern as well as the mixed patterns showed higher frequencies of sweetened snack and ice cream consumption. Food availability at home of each food differed according to pattern groups but showed a similar trend with food consumption. Regarding dietary habits, the mixed pattern showed higher proportion of taking dietary supplement and eating dessert while the unhealthy pattern showed lower proportion of eating regular meals and appropriate amount of meals. When the healthy pattern was set as a reference group, the odds ratio of pediatric obesity was 1.11 (CI 0.65-1.87) in the mixed pattern group and 1.88 (CI 1.14-3.10) in the unhealthy pattern group. Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary behaviors including snack consumption and lifestyle factors were connected. Unbalanced diet and undesirable dietary practice are important determinants in pediatric obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.289-297
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to determine the difference of Importance and Performance Related service management and feeding practices of teachers at mealtime in childcare centers. Methods: In December, 2013, questionnaires were completed by teachers working at childcare centers in Geumcheon-gu, Seoul. A total of 179 teachers responded to questions regarding perceived importance and degree of performing related service management and feeding practices at mealtime in childcare centers. Factor analysis and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) were used. Results: Four factors including 11 items were represented by factor analysis: 'Personal hygiene management', 'Feeding practice', 'Food material management', and 'Service at serving foods'. For 'Personal hygiene management', scores for perception on importance and performance were 4.42 and 3.84 points of 5 that were the lowest among factors. As a result of IPA, teachers were aware of the importance and performed well, 'Encouraging and praising children's eating habits at mealtime', 'Giving thanks before and after a meal', and 'Sitting and eating with children at mealtime' belonged to 'Feeding practice'; whereas they were not aware of the importance and performed insufficiently, 'Wearing the hygiene hat for serving foods', 'Wearing disposable gloves for serving foods', and 'Wearing the apron for serving foods' belonged to 'Personal hygiene management'. Conclusion: For children's health and safety in foodservice at childcare centers, personal hygiene management is very important when cooking as well as serving food. The results suggest that education targeting personal hygiene management is necessary for management of hygiene by teachers while serving food in childcare centers. In addition, guidelines on service management and feeding practice are needed for teachers working at childcare centers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2009

The purpose of the study was to develop an eating habit checklist for screening elementary school children at risk of inadequate micronutrient intake. Eating habits, food intake, and anthropometric data were collected from 142 children (80 boys and 62 girls) in the $4^{th}$ to $6^{th}$ grades of elementary schools. Percentage of Recommended Intakes (RI) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of six micronutrients; vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, iron, zinc, and the number of nutrients the children consumed below EAR among the six nutrients were used as indices to detect the risk of inadequate micronutrient intake. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between eating habit scores and inadequate micronutrient intake indices in order to select questions included in the checklist. Meal frequency, enough time for breakfast, regularity of dinner, appetite, eating frequencies of Kimchi, milk, fruits and beans showed significant correlations with indices of inadequate micronutrient intake. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to give each item a different weight by prediction strength. To determine the cut-off point of the test score, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated. The 8-item checklist with test results from 0 to 12 points was developed, and those with equal or higher than 6 points were diagnosed as high-risk group of inadequate micronutrient intake, and those with 4 or 5 points were diagnosed as moderate-risk group. Among our subjects 14.1% was diagnosed as high-risk group, and 30.3% as moderate-risk group. The proportions of the subjects who consumed below EAR of all micronutrients but vitamin C were highest in the high-risk group, and there were significant differences in the proportions of the subjects with intake below EAR of all micronutrients except vitamin B6 among the three groups. This checklist will provide a useful screening tool to identify children at risk of inadequate micronutrient intake.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 2008

Pickled crabs made using Charybdis japonica are becoming part of our dietary habits. Yet research on this food is disappointingly scarce. It is generally accepted that the original food composition of pickled crabs defies scrutiny because various seasonings are added to soy for the production of pickled crabs in most regions. Accordingly, this study attempted to measure the food composition of the Charybdis japonica preserved in brine according to different storage days (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days) and different temperatures ($5{^{\circ}C}$, $15{^{\circ}C}$, and ambient temperature). It was found that Charybdis japonica is comprised of moisture (77.5％), ash (2.3％), crude protein (19.7％), and crude lipid (0.5％). The content of crude protein and crude lipid during the storage period tended to decrease over time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.278-285
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• 2013

We investigated foodservices and levels of their satisfaction from parents of children in kindergartens with and without dietitians. Foodservice facilities consisted of kitchens and cafeterias for all kindergartens with a dietitian (KWD) and only kitchens for all kindergartens without a dietitian (KWOD) (p<0.001). Children consumed lunch in a lunchroom for all KWD and in a classroom for all KWOD (p<0.001). The person in charge of the diet menu was a dietitian for all KWD and a director for 52.2% of KWOD (p<0.001). About 48% of total kindergartens were served different amounts according to the child's age and body size. About 30% of parents from total kindergartens responded that a difficulty of foodservice management was children's safety while distributing the lunch. The majority of respondents claimed that foodservices need a more balanced menu and active instructions on proper dietary habits. Parents who visited and participated in foodservice were significantly higher from KWD than KWOD. Also, the desire to participate in foodservices was significantly higher in the parents from KWD (p<0.01). Sixty one percent of parents from KWD and 19% of parents from KWOD considered foodservices when choosing a kindergarten (p<0.001). The satisfaction in foodservices of parents from KWD was significantly higher from all points of view in terms of the quality of foodservice, nutrition, and hygiene. In conclusion, we found that foodservices and their levels of satisfaction from parents of kindergartens with dietitians were better and higher than those without dietitians. Therefore, all kindergartens should consider having a dietitian exclusively in charge of foodservices.