• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.315-329
• /
• 2020

Through bolt connections in Concrete Filled Steel Tubes (CFSTs) has been proved to be good in terms of seismic performance and constructability. Stiffened extended end plate connection with full through type bolt helps to avoid field weld altogether, and hence to improve the quality of joints. An experimental study was conducted on the hysteretic performance of square interior beam-column connections using flat extended end plates with through bolt. The study focuses on the effect of the bond between the tie rod and the core concrete on the cyclic performance of the joint. The study also quantifies how much the interior joint is getting strengthened due to the confinement effect induced by bi-directional bolting, which is widely used in 3D moment resisting frames. For a better understanding of the mechanism and for the prediction of shear capacity of the panel zone, a mathematical model was generated. The various parameters included in the model are the influence of axial load, amount of prestress induced by bolt tightening, anchorage, and the concrete strut action. The study investigates the strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation characteristics. The results indicate that the seismic resistance is at par with American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) seismic recommendations. The bidirectional bolting and bond effect have got remarkable influence on the performance of joints.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.275-294
• /
• 2003

In this study, 24 high-strength concrete dapped-end beams were tested to study the effects of the amount of main dapped-end reinforcement, the nominal shear span-to-depth ratio, and the concrete strength on the shear strength of dapped-end beams. Test results indicate that the shear strength of dapped ends increases with the increase in the amount of main dapped-end reinforcement and the concrete strength. The shear strength of dapped-end beam increases with the decrease of nominal shear span-to-depth ratio. A simplified method for determining the shear strength of reinforced concrete dapped ends is also proposed in this paper. The shear strengths predicted by the proposed method and the approach of PCI Design Handbook are compared with test results. The comparison shows that the proposed method can more accurately predict the shear strength of reinforced concrete dapped-end beams than the approach of PCI Design Handbook.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.395-406
• /
• 2021

This study experimentally and analytically investigates the shear behavior of corroded reinforced concrete (RC) beams repaired using steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) in the flexural zone. The experimental parameters are the corrosion degree (0%, 12%, and 17%) and the steel fiber volume in the SFRC (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%). The test results reveal that corrosion degree significantly affects the shear resistance of the beams. The shear capacity of the beam with the corrosion degree of 17% was higher than that of the uncorroded beam, whereas the shear capacity of the beam with the corrosion degree of 12% was lower than that of the uncorroded beam. The shear efficiency of damaged beams can be recovered by repairing them using SFRC that contains a reasonable amount of steel fibers. In addition, two methods to estimate the shear capacity of the repaired beams are developed using the modified truss analogy and strut-and-tie models. The estimated shear capacity of the beam using the modified truss analogy model agrees well with the experimental data.

• 콘크리트학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.201-211
• /
• 1996

최근에 계속적으로 발전하고 있는 역학적 모델은 배근상세에 있어서 과거의 경험적인 방법을 대신 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구에서는 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 부재의 단부 정착부의 배근상세를 위한 역학적 모델을 제안하였다. 제안된 모델에서는 콘크리트의 2축응력상태, 나선철근 배근 상태, 전단 마찰 파괴 등을 고려하였다. 제안된 모델과 다른 연구자의 스터럿 타이 모델, 비선형 유한 요소 해석을 대표적인 실험결과와 비교하였다. 제안된 방법은 파괴하중뿐만 아니라 파괴형태의 예측에 있어서 우수한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 제안 모델은 2차원 해석에 기초한 역학적 모델 및 비선형 해석으로 설명이 불가능한 3차원 파괴 형태를 잘 예측할 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.23-31
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 섬유 보강 폴리머(Fiber Reinforced Polymers, 이하 FRP) bar로 보강된 콘크리트 깊은보의 전단강도을 평가하기 위하여 전단경간비, 보강비, 유효깊이, 주근의 종류를 변수로 총 15개의 시험체에 대한 전단 실험을 수행하였다. 전단 실험을 토대로 FRP bar로 보강된 콘크리트 깊은보의 균열 및 처짐에 대한 거동 조사를 수행하였으며, ACI 318-08의 스트럿-타이 모델(이하 STM)을 이용한 전단강도와 아치작용을 고려한 기존 제안식에 의한 전단강도를 비교 평가하였다. 그 결과 FRP bar로 보강한 경우가 Steel bar로 보강한 경우보다 전단강도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 전단강도 산정에 있어 ACI 318-08 STM을 이용한 방법이 경험식에 의한 방법보다 상대적으로 정확했다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.820-828
• /
• 2003

최근의 연구를 통해서, ACI 전단 규준은 크기가 크고 인장철근비가 낮은 보에서 비보수적 예측을 보이는 반면 깊은 보에 대해서는 보수적 예측을 보임을 알 수 있다. 이러한 ACI 전단 규준이 가지고 있는 문제점을 수정하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 스터럽이 없는 고강도 철근 콘크리트 보의 전단강도 계산시 크기효과와 아치작용을 고려한 극한 전단강도 예측식을 제안하였다. ACI 전단 규준의 수정을 위해 포함될 항은 과학적 이론 및 분석에 근거한 $f_{sr}$ (dr), $f_{si}$ (${\rho}$)와 $f_{aa}$ (a/d)항이며, 선형 및 비선형 회귀분석을 통해 도출되었다. 기존의 실험 데이터 약 300여 개를 이용하여 각각의 변수에 대한 제안식의 검증 및 제안식과 ACI 318-99 code, CEB-FIP model code, Kim &Park 식 및 Zsutty 식과의 비교를 수행하였다. 제안식은 간단한 형태를 지니고 있지만, 경제적이면서도 합리적인 안전율을 확보할 수 있는 전단강도를 예측한다. 따라서 제안식은 실무에서 콘크리트 구조물의 전단설계에 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2024

The design of disturbed regions in reinforced concrete structures usually applies the well known Strut and Tie Method (STM). As an alternative, the Stringer-Panel Method (SPM), an intermediate model between STM and the Finite Element Method (FEM), consists in dividing a structure into two distinct elements: the stringers (which carry axial forces) and panels (which carry shear forces). SPM has already showed good applicability in manual calculations and computer implementations, and its most known application was SPanCAD, an AutoCAD plugin for linear and nonlinear analysis by SPM. Unfortunately, SPanCAD was discontinued by the developers, and it's not compatible with the most recent versions of AutoCAD. So, this paper aims to present a computer program that was developed as an upgrade to the latter: the Stringer Panel Modelling Tool (SPMTool), which is intended to be an auxiliary design tool and it presents improvements, in comparison to SPanCAD. It is possible to execute linear and nonlinear analysis by three distinct formulations: Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT), Disturbed Stress Field Model (DSFM) and Softened Membrane Model (SMM). The nonlinear results were compared to experimental data of reinforced concrete elements that were not designed by SPM; these elements were also analyzed in SPanCAD. On overall, SPMTool made more realistic predictions to the behavior of the analyzed structures than SPanCAD. Except for DSFM predictions for corbels (1.24), in overall average, the ultimate load predictions were conservative (0.85 to 0.98), which is a good aspect for a design tool. On the other hand, the cracking load predictions presented overestimations (1.06 to 1.47) and higher variations (25.59% to 34.25%) and the post-cracking behavior could not be accurately predicted; for this use case, a more robust finite element software is recommended.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.31-48
• /
• 2024

In order to get a better understanding of seismic performance of exterior beam-column joint, reciprocating loading tests with variable loading speeds or axial forces were carried out. The main findings indicate that only few cracks exist on the surface of the joint core area, while the plastic hinge region at the beam end is seriously damaged. The damage of the specimen is more serious with the increase of the upper limit of variable axial force. The deflection ductility coefficient of specimen decreases to various degrees after the upper limit of variable axial force increases. In addition, the higher the loading speed is, the lower the deflection ductility coefficient of the specimen is. The stiffness of the specimen decreases as the upper limit of variable axial force or the loading speed increase. Compared to the influence of variable axial force, the influence of the loading speed on the stiffness degradation of the specimen is more obvious. The cumulative energy dissipation and the equivalent viscous damping coefficient of specimen decrease with the increase of loading speed. The influence of variable axial force on the energy dissipation of specimen varies under different loading speeds. Based on the truss model, the biaxial stress criterion, the Rankine criterion, the Kent-Scott-Park model, the equivalent theorem of shearing stress, the softened strut-and-tie model, the controlled slip theory and the proposed equations, a calculation method for the shear capacity is proposed with satisfactory prediction results.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제75권6호
• /
• pp.675-684
• /
• 2020

An innovative retrofit method using pre-stressed steel strips and externally-bonded steel plates was presented in this paper. With the aim of exploring the seismic performance of the retrofitted RC interior joints, four 1/2-scale retrofitted joint specimens together with one control specimen were designed and subjected to constant axial compression and cyclic loading, with the main test parameters being the volume of steel strips and the existence of externally-bonded steel plates. The damage mechanism, force-displacement hysteretic response, force-displacement envelop curve, energy dissipation and displacement ductility ratio were analyzed to investigate the cyclic behavior of the retrofitted joints. The test results indicated that all the test specimens suffered a typical shear failure at the joint core, and the application of externally-bonded steel plates and that of pre-stressed steel strips could effectively increase the lateral capacity and deformability of the deficient RC interior joints, respectively. The best cyclic behavior could be found in the deficient RC interior joint retrofitted using both externally-bonded steel plates and pre-stressed steel strips due to the increased lateral capacity, displacement ductility and energy dissipation. Finally, based on the test results and the softened strut and tie model, a theoretical model for determining the shear capacity of the retrofitted specimens was proposed and validated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제75권1호
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2020

This paper presents a full-scale experimental test to investigate the flexural behavior of an innovative dovetail ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) joint designed for the 5^th Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. The test specimen had a dimension of 3600 × 1600 × 170 mm, in accordance with the real bridge. The failure mode, crack pattern and structural response were presented. The ductility and stiffness degradation of the tested specimens were explicitly discussed. Test results indicated that different from conventional reinforced concrete slabs, well-distributed cracks with small spacing were observed for UHPC joint slabs at failure. The average nominal flexural cracking strength of the test specimens was 7.7 MPa, signifying good crack resistance of the proposed dovetail UHPC joint. It is recommended that high grade reinforcement be cooperatively used to take full advantage of the superior mechanical property of UHPC. A new ductility index, expressed by dividing the ultimate deflection by flexural cracking deflection, was introduced to evaluate the post-cracking ductility capacity. Finally, a strut-and-tie (STM) model was developed to predict the ultimate strength of the proposed UHPC joint.