• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2012

Korean Industrial Standards for lightning protection system complies with IEC standards. However, the standards are applicable only to buildings and structures more than 20 meters in high. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether lightning protection system should be installed on structures lower than 20 meters high. This paper proposes an efficient method of assessing risk against lightning of structures lower than 20 meters high. The method suggests simplified lightning protection system and provides selecting an appropriate protection level. The suggested method assumes that structure under assessment has no lightning protection system and there is no person around the structure at the moment of lightning stroke. A simplified method of assessing the risk to human within the structure is developed by adopting the general assessment factor. The selection of a protection level is possible by comparing tolerable risk with physical damage risk caused by a direct lightning. Finally, this paper gives ways to establish surge protection measures when a structure with lightning risk is within a radius of 2km from the assessed structure even if this structure requires no lightning protection system.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.295-304
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• 2006

High-bulk worsted yams with different shrinkable and non-shrinkable acrylic fibers blend ratios are produced and then single jersey weft knitted fabrics with three different structures and loop lengths are constructed. The physical properties of produced yams and compression properties of produced fabrics at eight pressure values (50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500 and $2000 g/cm^2$) were measured using a conventional fabric thickness tester. Then, weft-knitted fabric compression behavior was analyzed using a two parameters model. It is found that at 40 % shrinkable fibre blending ratio the maximum yam bulk, shrinkage, abrasion resistance and minimum yarn strength are obtained. It is also shown that high-bulk acrylic yarn has the highest elongation at 20 % shrinkable fibre blend ratio. The statistical regression analysis revealed that the compression behavior of acrylic weft-knitted fabrics is highly closed to two parameter model proposed for woven fabrics. It is also shown that for weft-knitted structure, there is an incompressible layer (V') which resists against high compression load. Acrylic weft-knitted fabrics with knit-tuck structure exhibit higher compression rigidity and lower softness than the plain and knit-miss structures. In addition, at 20 % shrinkable fibre blend ratio, the high-bulk acrylic weft-knitted fabrics are highly compressible.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.281-281
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• 2014

The field emission properties of GaN are reported in the present study. To be a good field emitter, it requires a low work function, high aspect ratio, and strong mechanical stability. In the case of GaN, it has a quite low work function (4.1eV) and strong chemical/mechanical/thermal stabilities. However, so far, it was difficult to fabricate vertical GaN nanostructures with a high aspect ratio. In this study, we successfully achieved vertically well aligned GaN nanostructures with chemical vapor-phase etching methods [1] (Fig. 1). In this method, we chemically etched the GaN film using hydrogen chloride and ammonia gases at high temperature around $900^{\circ}C$. This process effectively forms vertical nanostructures without patterning procedure. This favorable shape of GaN nanostructures for electron emitting results in excellent field emission properties such as a low turn-on field and long term stability. In addition, we observed a uniform fluorescence image from a phosphor film attached at the anode part. The turn-on field for the GaN nanostructures is found to be about $0.8V/{\mu}m$ at current density of $20{\mu}A$/cm^2. This value is even lower than that of typical carbon nanotubes ($1V/{\mu}m$). Moreover, threshold field is $1.8V/{\mu}m$ at current density of $1mA$/cm^2. The GaN nanostructures achieved a high current density within a small applied field range. We believe that our chemically etched vertical nanostructures are the promising structures for various field emitting devices.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.282-291
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• 2012

글리시돌과 라우릭산으로부터 PGLE와 PGLE3 비이온 계면활성제를 합성하였으며, 합성한 계면활성제들의 구조를 $^1H$ 및 $^{13}C$ NMR 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. PGLE와 PGLE3 비이온 계면활성제의 CMC는 각각 $3.59{\times}10^{-2}$ mol/L, $8.80{\times}10^{-1}$ mol/L이며, CMC에서의 표면장력 값은 각각 26.09 mN/m과 28.68 mN/m이었다. 동적 표면장력 측정 결과에 의하면 PGLE와 PGLE3 비이온 계면활성제 모두, 공기와 수용액의 계면이 계면활성제 단분자에 의하여 비교적 짧은 시간 내에 포화되었으며, 1 wt% PGLE와 PGLE3 계면활성제 시스템들의 접촉각은 각각 $25.5^{\circ}$와 $9.5^{\circ}$ 나타내었다. 비극성 오일 n-decane과 1 wt% 계면활성제 수용액 사이의 계면장력은 시간에 따라 감소하며, PGLE와 PGLE3 시스템 모두 20분 이내에 평형에 도달하였고, 평형에서의 계면장력 값은 각각 0.42 mN/m와 0.53 mN/m를 나타내었다. PGLE 비이온 계면활성제가 PGLE3 비이온 계면활성제에 비하여 거품 안정성이 큼을 확인하였으며, 이러한 거품 안정성 측정 결과는 표면장력 측정 결과와도 일치하였다. 계면활성제, 물, 비극성 탄화수소 오일로 이루어진 3성분 시스템에 보조계면활성제를 첨가하여 $25{\sim}60^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 상평형 실험을 수행한 결과, lower phase 마이크로에멀젼 혹은 oil in water 마이크로에멀젼이 excess oil 상과 평형을 이루는 2상 영역만이 관찰되었다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to conduct biomechanical analysis of varying backpack loads on the lower limb movements during downhill walking over $-20^{\circ}$ ramp. Method : Thirteen male university students (age: $23.5{\pm}2.1yrs$, height: $175.7{\pm}4.6cm$, weight: $651.9{\pm}55.5N$) who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subjects. Each subject walked over $20^{\circ}$ ramp with four different backpack weights (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of body weight) in random order at a speed of $1.0{\pm}0.1m/s$. Five digital camcorders and two force plates were used to obtain 3-d data and kinetics of the lower extremity. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants were identified from the video recordings. Ground reaction force, loading rate, decay rate, and resultant joint moment of the ankle and the knee were determined by the inverse dynamics analysis. For each dependent variable, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine whether there were significant differences among four different backpack weight conditions (p<.05). When a significant difference was found, post hoc analyses were performed using the contrast procedure. Results : The results of this study showed that the medio-lateral GRFs at RHC in 20% and 30% body weight were significantly greater than the corresponding value in 0% of body weight. A consistent increase in the vertical GRFs as backpack loads increased was observed. The valgus joint movement of the knee at RTO in 30% body weight was significantly greater than the corresponding values in 0% and 10% body weight. The increased valgus moment of 30% body weight observed in this phase was associated with decelerating and stabilizing effects on the knee joint. The results also showed that the extension and valgus joint moments of the knee were systematically affected by the backpack load during downhill walking. Conclusion : Since downhill walking while carrying heavy external loads in a backpack may lead to excessive knee joint moment, damage can occur to the joint structures such as joint capsule and ligaments. Therefore, excessive repetitions of downhill walking should be avoided if the lower extremity is subjected to abnormally high levels of load over an extended period of time.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 LCD 산업의 발전으로 인하여 제조 공정으로부터 발생되는 산업폐기물인 LCD 폐유리 미분말을 활용하여 시멘트 대체재로서 활용 가능성과 성능을 평가하였다. 실험은 OPC와 $5{\mu}m$의 입경을 가진 LCD 폐유리 $12{\mu}m$의 입경을 가진 LCD 폐유리를 각각 10%, 20% 시멘트와 치환하고 제작하여 실험을 통해 콘크리트의 기초 물성 및 역학적 특성 그리고 내구성 평가를 실시하였다. 실험결과 압축강도에서 20%에 비해 10%의 치환율에서 높은 강도가 나타났으며. 입경이 낮을수록 높은 강도를 보였다. 내구성 평가는 염소 이온 확산계수를 통하여 염화물 침투성능을 평가하였는데, 치환율이 높을수록 그리고 입경이 작을수록 낮은 염소 이온 확산계수가 나타내었고, 모든 치환율에서 OPC 보다 좋은 결과값을 나타내었다. 결국 낮은 조립율 및 적정 혼입율을 갖는 LCD 폐유리 콘크리트는 염해환경 하 내구성 확보에 유리한 재료라 판단된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2009

We manufactured PVA-derived hydrogels using a foam generation technique that has been widely used to prepare colloidal gas aphrons(CGA). These gels were differentiated to the conventional gels such as for medical or pharmaceutical applications, which have tiny pores and some crystalline structure. Rather these should be used in de-pollution devices or adhesion of cells or biomolecules. The crosslinkers used in this work were amino acid, organic acid, sugars and lipids(vitamins). The structures of the gels were observed in a scanned electron microscope. Amino acids gels showed remarkably higher swelling ratios probably because their typical functional groups help constructing a highly crosslinked network along with hydrogen bonds. Boric acid and starch would catalyze dehydration while structuring to result in much lower water content and accordingly high gel content, leading to less elastic, hard gels. Bulky materials such as ascorbic acid or starch produced, in general, large pores in the matrices and also nicotinamide, having large hydrophobic patches was likely to enlarge pore size of its gels as well since the hydrophobicity would expel water molecules, thus leading to reduced swelling. Hydrophilicity(or hydrophobicity), functional groups which are involved in the reaction or physical linkage, and bulkiness of crosslinkers were found to be more critical to gel's cross linking structure and its density than molecular weights that seemed to be closely related to pore sizes. Microscopic observation revealed that pores were more or less homogeneous and their average sizes were $20{\mu}m$ for methionine, $10-15{\mu}m$ for citric acid, $50-70{\mu}m$ for L-ascorbic acid, $30-40{\mu}m$ for nicotinamide, and $70-80{\mu}m$ for starch. Also a sensory test showed that amino acid and glucose gels were more elastic meanwhile acid and nicotinamide gels turned out to be brittle or non-elastic at their high concentrations. The elasticity of a gel was reasonably correlated with its water content or swelling ratio. In addition, the PVA gel including 20% ascorbic acid showed fair ability of cell adherence as 0.257mg/g-hydrogel and completely degraded phenanthrene(10 mM) in 240 h.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.649-653
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• 2010

In this paper, double texturization of multi crystalline silicon solar cells was studied with laser and reactive ion etching (RIE). In the case of multi crystalline silicon wafers, chemical etching has problems in producing a uniform surface texture. Thus various etching methods such as laser and dry texturization have been studied for multi crystalline silicon wafers. In this study, laser texturization with an Nd:$YVO_4$ green laser was performed first to get the proper hole spacing and $300{\mu}m$ was found to be the most proper value. Laser texturization on crystalline silicon wafers was followed by damage removal in acid solution and RIE to achieve double texturization. This study showed that double texturization on multi crystalline silicon wafers with laser firing and RIE resulted in lower reflectance, higher quantum yield and better efficiency than that process without RIE. However, RIE formed sharp structures on the silicon wafer surfaces, which resulted in 0.8% decrease of fill factor at solar cell characterization. While chemical etching makes it difficult to obtain a uniform surface texture for multi crystalline silicon solar cells, the process of double texturization with laser and RIE yields a uniform surface structure, diminished reflectance, and improved efficiency. This finding lays the foundation for the study of low-cost, high efficiency multi crystalline silicon solar cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.723-731
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• 2013

This study provides a comparative analysis of the effects of pre-slaughter penetrative and non-penetrative stunning and post-slaughter stunning on meat quality attributes in longissimus lumborum (LL) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles in heifers. Ten animals were assigned to each of four treatment groups: i) animals were subjected to conventional Halal slaughter (a clean incision through the structures at the front of the upper neck - the trachea, oesophagus, carotid arteries and jugular veins) and post-cut penetrating mechanical stun within 10 to 20 s of the neck cut (Unstunned; US); ii) high power non-penetrating mechanical stunning followed by the neck cut (HPNP); iii) low power non-penetrating mechanical stunning followed by the neck cut (LPNP); and iv) penetrative stunning using a captive bolt pistol followed by the neck cut (P). For each carcass, muscle samples were removed within 45 min of slaughter, portioned and analysed for pH, cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), tenderness (WBS), lipid oxidation (TBARS) and color, over a two week storage period. Stunning did not affect pH and cooking loss. Significant differences in water holding capacity, tenderness, lipid oxidation and color were present at different storage time points. HPNP stunning resulted in lower WHC and color values, particularly lightness ($L^*$), higher TBARS values and peak force values compared with those stunned using LPNP, P and US. These adverse effects on quality were mostly encountered in the ST muscle. In conclusion, the meat quality achieved using P, LPNP and US treatments was comparable, and no treatment stood out as considerably better than another.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

느슨한 포화 사질토 층에 위치한 구조물은 지진 시 액상화로 인해 막대한 인적 경제적 피해가 발생하기 때문에 액상화 발생 가능 지반으로 분류된 지역은 구조물의 설계 및 운영 시 액상화 발생 가능성에 주의를 기울어야 한다. 한반도의 경우 중진 지역에 해당되고 역사 문헌의 발생 기록을 제외한 어떤 액상화 피해도 보고되지 않음에 따라 오랫동안 액상화에 대해서는 안전지대로 여겨져 왔다. 하지만, 최근 해외 지진 사례에 의하면 국내 서해안 지역 지반과 유사한 비소성 실트질 흙에서의 액상화 발생과 이로 인한 피해 사례가 종종 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내에서의 액상화 가능성 평가 기법 합리화의 일환으로 서해안 두 부지를 대상으로 피에조콘 관입시험(CPTu)과 표준관입시험(SPT) 결과를 이용하여 액상화가능지수(LPI)를 산정하였다. LPI는 심도 20m까지의 액상화 가능성을 통합 적분하여 액상화로 인한 지표면 피해 발생 정도를 지수로 제시한다. 먼저 대상 현장에 대해 시나리오별 액상화 발생 가능성을 평가한 후, CPTu와 SPT로부터 산정된 LPI 값을 비교하였다. 액상화 저항 강도를 의미하는 진동저항응력비(CRR) 값에 의하면, CPTu로부터 구한 보정 콘 선단저항력 (qc1N)CS가 40에서 120 사이인 경우 또는 CRR이 0.23 이하인 경우에 SPT로부터의 산정된 값보다 작게 평가되었다. 또한 CRR 차이는 세립질 함유량이 큰 흙에서 두 방법 간의 차이가 더 크게 나타났다.