• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.928-934
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• 2008

Resently, Fiber Reinforced Concrete is used for not only preventing crack of concrete but also reinforcing general methods. Steel Fiber and PP(poly-propylene) Fiber are usually used as fiber reinforced materials. However, using these materials for shotcrete on Railway tunnel can cause some problems such as damage of pressure hose and shotcrete rebound. In addition, Steel fiber is an expensive material and it can cause safety problems during applying to shotcrete. PP Fiber can cause a problem in fiber balling during applying to shotcrete railway tunnel construction. A purpose of the research is applying a development of PET(Poly Etylene Terephtalate) fiber by recycling pet bottles to the shotcrete tunnel exposed to explosion spalling. To investigate the reinforcement effect of the PET fiber, some basic tests are accomplished to physical properties and explosion spalling by fire. As a result of the tests, a concrete mixing the PET fiber has stronger resistance effect in the explosion spalling by high temperature than another strong fiber concrete does, and that the former concrete is also equal or more effective on the result of the above tests to physical properties like compression and strain than the latter one is demonstrated.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.3625-3634
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• 2021

The crossflow is the key phenomenon in turbulent flow inside rod bundles. In order to establish confidence on application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the crossflow in rod bundles, three Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) models i.e. the realizable k-ε model, the k-ω SST model and the Reynolds stress model (RSM), and the Large Eddy simulations (LES) with the Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-viscosity (WALE) model are validated based on the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) flow measurement experiment in a 5 × 5 rod bundle. In order to investigate effects of periodic boundary condition in the gap, the numerical results obtained with four inner subchannels are compared with that obtained with the whole 5 × 5 rod bundle. The results show that periodic boundaries in the gaps produce strong errors far downstream of the spacer grid, and therefore the full 5 × 5 rod bundle should be simulated. Furthermore, it can be concluded, that the realizable k-ε model can only provide reasonable results very close to the spacer grid, while the other investigated models are in good agreement with the experimental data in the whole downstream flow in the rod bundle. The LES approach shows superiority to the RANS models.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.50-63
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• 1994

두 가지의 서로 다른 난류 변수화를 삼차원적이고 시간의존적인 연안해역의 모델 실험으로 수행하였다. 난류 변수화 중의 하나는 일정한 와동복합화 한 것, C1이고 다 른 하나는 층화 의존적인 와동혼합화, C2이다. C2를 이용한 유체흐름은 강한 경압적 흐름이며 담수와 염수의 수직적인 혼합을 제한하고 있다. 하구언으로부터 방출되는 유 출류는 C2의 경우가 C1의 경우보다 훨씬 더 관성적이며 강한 플륨(plume) 전선을 형성 한다. C에서는 강한 유출류로 인하여 초림계적인 유체흐름의 상태, 즉 표층류의 유출 소도가 경압적 위상속도를 능가하는 상황이 하구언의 외해쪽에 존재할 수 있다. 담수 영역에서 의 유체의 조율과정은 C1의 경우와 C2의 경우가 상당이 바른 바, C에서 의 유체의 흐름은 강한 경압적인 특성을 보여준다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.802-807
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• 2011

Cationic liposomes have been actively used as gene delivery vehicle because of their minimal toxicity, but their relatively low efficiency of gene delivery is the major disadvantage of these vectors. Recently, cysteine residue incorporation to HIV-1 Tat peptide increased liposomemediated transfection compared with unmodified Tat peptide. Therefore, we designed a novel modified Tat peptide having a homodimeric (Tat-CTHD, Tat-NTHD) and closed structure (cyclic Tat) simply by using the disulfide bond between cysteines to develop a more efficient and safe nonviral gene delivery system. The mixing of Tat-CTHD and Tat-NTHD with DNA before mixing with lipofectamine increased the transfection efficiency compared with unmodified Tat peptide and lipofectamine only in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and rat vascular smooth muscle cells. However, cyclic Tat did not show any improvement in the transfection efficiency. In the gel retardation assay, Tat-CTHD and Tat-NTHD showed more strong binding with DNA than unmodified Tat and cyclic Tat peptide. This enhancement was only shown when Tat-CTHD and Tat-NTHD were mixed with DNA before mixing with lipofectamine. The effects of Tat- CTHD and Tat-NTHD were also valid in the experiment using DOTAP and DMRIE instead of lipofectamine. We could not find any significant cytotoxicity in the working concentration and more usage of these peptides. In conclusion, we have designed a novel transfection-enhancing peptide by easy homodimerization of Tat peptide, and the simple mix of these novel peptides with DNA increased the gene transfer of cationic lipids more efficiently with no additional cytotoxicity.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회 제20권2호
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• pp.685-688
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• 2008

콘크리트는 압축에 강한 특성을 지닌 재료이지만, 인장 및 휨강도가 낮고 균열에 대한 저항성이 약한취성재료라는 단점을 가지고 있어 이에 대한 보완책으로서 철근이 사용되어 왔다. 하지만, 포러스콘크리트는 내부에 존재하는 다량의 연속공극으로 인하여 철근보강시 철근이 공기에 노출되어 부식되는 문제점을 보이고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 강섬유를 혼입과 목표공극률에 따른 공극률, 압축강도,휨강도 및 휨인성 특성을 검토하였다. 실험결과, 강섬유의 혼입에 따른 실측공극률은 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 강도특성에서는 강섬유의 혼입률이 증가 함에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나 일정량 이상의 섬유가 혼입되었을 경우에는 강도가 오히려 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 휨인성평가에서는 강섬유를 혼입하지 않은 포러스콘 크리트에 비하여 처짐변형 성능이 현저히 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 강섬유를 포러스콘크리트에 활용한 2차제품 및 포장재료 등에 적용하기 위한 강도 및 휨저항성능 향상재료로 사용가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.972-982
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to improve the method of color developing with alkali solution as a promotor of color developing for feasible use. Cotton fabric was dyed with persimmon extract ranged with 0~3% alkali component with 5 types of strong to mild alkali solution. Heat treatment for color developing was applied to fabric dyed with persimmon extract and alkali mixing solution. Tests were carried out to analyze the change of surface color, ${\Delta},Ea^*b^*$, and water repellent of the dyed cotton fabric. The alkali mixing sample showed higher ${\Delta},Ea^*b^*$ value than control one without alkali mixing on the base of dyed fabric due to high color developing by alkali in the initial step of dyeing process. As alkali concentration increased, deeper dark color appeared on the fabric. The fabric color was changed to more dark in the application of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate in the initial step of dyeing process but color was not changed by increased heating time. However, the fabric showed a slight dark color with sodium acetate and more color change than that of the fabric dyed with persimmon extract without alkali. Therefore, sodium acetate seemed to a suitable promotor for color developing in persimmon extract dyeing. Property of water repellent was showed after color developing by heating with low concentration of alkali treatment.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.897-905
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• 2008

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) is known as one of promising methods for reducing $NO_x$ emissions in diesel exhaust gases. $NO_x$ emissions react with ammonia in the catalyst surface of SCR system at working temperature of catalyst. In this study, to raise the reacting temperature when the exhaust gas temperature is too low, a heater is located at the bottom of SCR reactor. At an ambient temperature, ammonia is radially injected perpendicular to the exhaust gas flow at inlet pipe and uniformly mixed in the mixing area after being impinged against the wall. To predict the turbulent model inside the mixing area of SCR system, the standard ${\kappa}\;-\;{\varepsilon}$ model is applied. This work investigates numerically the effects of induced heat on the gaseous flow. The results show that the Taylor-$G{\ddot{o}}rtler$ type vortex is generated after the gaseous flow impinges the wall in which these vortices influence the temperature distribution. The addition of heat disturbs the flow structure in bottom area and then stretching flow occurs. Vorticity strand is also formed when heat is continuously increased. Constriction process takes place, however, when a further heat input over a critical temperature is increased and finally forms shed vortex which is disconnected from the vorticity strand. The strong vortex restricts the heat transport in the gaseous flow.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.379-399
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• 2008

Spatial-temporal variations in physiochemical water qualities (temperature, salinity, DO, SPM, POC and nutrients) of surface and bottom waters were investigated along the mid-western coastal area (Taean Peninsula to Gomso Bay) of Korea. Spatial distribution patterns of temperature and salinity were mostly controlled by the physical mixing process of freshwater from Geum River and/or Gyunggi Bay with nearby coastal water. A strong tidal front is formed off Taean Peninsula during spring and summer. Seasonal variations in nutrient concentrations, lower in spring and summer and higher in fall and winter, are primarily regulated by magnitude of phytoplankton occurrence rather than freshwater loadings into the bay. Based on seasonal and spatial variability of physicochemical parameters, water quality of the study area can be divided into four water masses; Gyunggi Bay-influenced Water Mass (GBWM), Geum River-influenced Water Mass (GRWM), Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water Mass (YSBCWM) and Cheonsu Bay Water Mass (CBWM). Water quality of the GBWM (Taean Peninsula coastal area), which has relatively low salinity and high concentrations of nutrients, is strongly controlled by the Gyunggi Bay coastal water, which is under influence of the Han River freshwater. In this water mass, the mixed layer is always developed by strong tidal mixing. As a result, a tidal front is formed along the offshore boundary of the mixed layer. Such tidal fronts probably play an important role in the distribution of phytoplankton communities, SPM and nutrients. The GRWM, with low salinity and high nutrients, especially during the flood summer season, is closely related to physiochemical properties of the Geum River. During the flood season, nutrient-enriched Geum River water mass extends up to 60 km away from the river mouth, potentially causing serious environmental problems such as eutrophication and unusual and/or noxious algal blooms. Offshore (<$30{\sim}40m$ in water depth) of the study area, YSBCWM coupled with a strong thermocline can be identified in spring-summer periods, exhibiting abundant nutrients in association with low temperature and limited biological activity. During spring and summer, a tidal front is formed in a transition zone between the coastal water mass and bottom cold water mass in the Yellow Sea, resulting in intensified upwelling and thereby supplying abundant nutrients to the GBWM and GRWM. Such cold bottom water mass and tidal front formation seems to play an important role in controlling water quality and further regulating physical ecosystem processes along mid-western Korean coastal area.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2013

Vertical and horizontal mixing processes in the ocean mixed layer determine sea surface temperature and temperature variability. Accordingly, simulating these processes properly is crucial in order to obtain more accurate climate simulations and more reliable future projections using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM). In this study, by using Modular Ocean Model version 4 (MOM4) developed by Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, the upper ocean temperature and mixed layer depth were simulated with two different vertical mixing schemes that are most widely used and then compared. The resultant differences were analyzed to understand the underlying mechanism, especially in the Tropical Pacific Ocean where the differences appeared to be the greatest. One of the schemes was the so-called KPP scheme that uses K-Profile parameterization with nonlocal vertical mixing and the other was the N scheme that was rather recently developed based on a second-order turbulence closure. In the equatorial Pacific, the N scheme simulates the mixed layer at a deeper level than the KPP scheme. One of the reasons is that the total vertical diffusivity coefficient simulated with the N scheme is ten times larger, at maximum, in the surface layer compared to the KPP scheme. Another reason is that the zonal current simulated with the N scheme peaks at a deeper ocean level than the KPP scheme, which indicates that the vertical shear was simulated on a larger scale by the N scheme and it enhanced the mixed layer depth. It is notable that while the N scheme simulates a deeper mixed layer in the equatorial Pacific compared to the KPP scheme, the sea surface temperature (SST) simulated with the N scheme was cooler in the central Pacific and warmer in the eastern Pacific. We postulated that the reason for this is that in the central Pacific atmospheric forcing plays an important role in determining SST and so does a strong upwelling in the eastern Pacific. In conclusion, what determines SST is crucial in interpreting the relationship between SST and mixed layer depth.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2006

해수소통을 전제한 경우 새만금호 내측의 염분변화가 만경강의 평수량 및 홍수량 유입에 따라 혼합 확산되는 것을 평가하고, 내부 개발이후 배수수문을 통한 새만금호소수 방류시 관리수위별로 저염수가 외해에 미치는 영향범위를 평가하기 위한 수치모형실험이 실시되었다. 해석에는 2차원 ADCIRC 및 3차원 TIDE3D모형과 3개 연직층을 고려한 3차원 CE-QUAL-ICM모델이 이용되었다. 내부의 확산 모의결과는 시간이 지남에 따라 외해에서 유입되는 염수가 점차 혼합확산되며, 최소 1개월 이상 경과되어야 만경호측에 외해수가 혼합되고, 5개월 지속되어야만 동진호측까지 혼합된다. 호내측의 수위를 관리하기 위해 신시 또는 가력수문을 개방하면 유속이 지수적으로 감소되나 갑문으로부터 전면 10km 이상까지 0.5m/s의 유동장이 형성된다. 이러한 결과는 저염수 방류로 인한 영향이 주기적으로 낙조시에 발생되어 새만금 방조제 전면의 해수순환과 유동 및 생태환경에 적지 않은 영향을 미칠 개연성을 제시하는 것으로 해석된다.