• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1055-1064
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• 2000

First, various specimen geometries, namely, coupon type, waisted type and dog-bone type, were examined to determine appropriate fatigue specimen of thermoplastic composite material AS4/PEEK and the n, fatigue strength of smooth and notched specimens of AS4/PEEK [-45/0/+45/90]2s was investigated. Fatigue tests were performed under load controlled condition at a stress ratio of 0. 1 at a frequency of 5Hz. Stiffness degradation of specimens with fatigue cycling was monitored using an automated unloading compliance technique. The waisted type specimen is found appropriate for smooth fatigue specimen geometry of AS4/PEEK. As for the effect of stress concentration, it is found that fatigue strength is higher for a 2mm-diameter hole notched specimen than a 5mm-diameter one. Fatigue notch factor decreases with the increase of fatigue life. These results are far different from the trend of fatigue strength of metallic materials. The stiffness variation of smooth specimen was only 4% at maximum until final fracture. On the other hand, the stiffness of hole notched specimen was reduced by 45% at maximum. Notched fatigue strength was compared between thermoplastic composite AS4/PEEK and thermosetting composite Graphite/Epoxy. In long-life fatigue (>104), the AS4/PEEK composite shows superior fatigue strength, but in short-life fatigue, the fatigue strength of the Graphite/Epoxy composite is nearly equal or somewhat higher than that of the AS4/PEEK composite.

• 에너지공학
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2020

외부마감재인 석재벽체를 고정하는 앙카볼트와 브라켓에 대하여 초기 설계단계에서부터 기계 구조물에 요구되는 성능을 유지하고 높은 내구성을 확보가 필요하다. 이를 위해서는 하중조건을 고려한 설계 및 안전성 평가가 필요하므로 이를 검증하기 위한 방법으로 유한요소 해석기법을 적용한 구조해석을 진행하였다. 최적설계를 위해 다양한 형상에 대하여 구조해석을 실시한 결과, 볼트와 접촉되는 브라켓 후면 부위에서 발생되는 최대응력을 완화시키기 위하여 보강 구조물을 추가하였다. 또한, 브라켓에 보강판을 추가로 부착하여 L자 형상 브라켓의 응력집중을 완화하여 응력분포를 균일하게 함으로서 안전율이 기준조건에 만족하는 결과를 얻었다. 이와 함께, 반복하중에 의한 피로수명 해석까지 진행하여 피로안전계수를 분석한 결과 내구성을 검증할 수 있는 결과를 얻었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.2097-2107
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• 1996

The dynamic photoelastic technique had been utilized to investigate the possibillity of relieving the large local singular stresses induced at the corner of a right- angle- indenter. The indenter compressed a semi-infinite body dynamically with an impact load applied on the top of the indenter. The effects of the geometric changes of the indenter in terms of the diameter (d) and the location (1) of the stress relieving notch on the behavior of the dynamic contact stresses were investigated. The influence of stress relieving notches positioned along the edge of the semi-infinite body on the dynamic contact stresses were also studied by changing the diameter (D) and the location (L) of the notch. A multi-speak-high speed camera with twelve sparks were used to take photographs of full field dynamic isochromatic fringe patterns. The contact singular stresses were found to be released significantly by the stress relief notches both along the indenter and the edge of the semi-infinite body. The optimal position and geometry of the stress relieving notches were obtained with the aid of limited experimental results.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.497-509
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• 2021

A large deformation FEM (Finite Element Method) based numerical analysis has been performed to study the behaviour of the bell-shaped anchor embedded in undrained saturated (cohesive) soil with the help of finite element based software ABAQUS. A typical model anchor with bell-diameter of 0.125 m, embedded in undrained saturated soil with varying cohesive strength (from 5 kN/m² to 200 kN/m²) has been chosen for studying the characteristic behaviour of the bell-shaped anchor installed in cohesive soil. Breakout factors have been evaluated for each case and verified with the results of experimental model tests for three different types of soil samples. The maximum value of breakout factor was found as about 8.5 within a range of critical embedment ratio of 2.5 to 3. An explicit model has been developed to estimate the breakout factor (F_c) for uplift capacity of bell-shaped anchor within clay mass in terms of H/D ratio (embedment ratio). It was also found that, the ultimate uplift capacity of the anchor increases with the increase of the value of cohesive strength of the soil and H/D ratio. The empirical equation developed in the present investigation is usable within the range of cohesion value and H/D ratio from 5 kN/m² to 200 kN /m² and 0.5 to 3.0 respectively. The proposed model has been validated against data obtained from a series of model tests carried out in the present investigation. From the stress-profile analysis of the soil mass surrounding the anchor, occurrence of stress concentration is found to be generated at the joint of anchor shaft and bell. It was also found that the vertical and horizontal stresses surrounding the anchor diminish at about a distance of 0.3 m and 0.15 m respectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 근관치료 된 치아를 구조와 물성이 다른 post와 core 그리고 전장관으로 수복한 후 과도한 교합하중을 가했을 때 치아에 나타나는 응력분포를 조사하기 위함이다. 발치 된 상악 제2소구치를 micro-CT로 단층촬영하고 3D Doctor로 윤곽선을 추출한 다음 HyperMesh Ver. 6으로 삼차원 치아모형을 만들고 다음과 같은 세 가지 방법으로 수복한 유한요소모형을 제작하였다. 1) 스테인레스 스틸 포스트와 복합레진 코어 그리고 도재소부전장금관으로 수복한 모형. 2) fiber 포스트와 복합레진 코어 그리고 전부도재관으로 수복한 모형 3) 포스트, 코어와 전장관이 일체형인 간접복합레진 EndoCrown으로 수복한 모형 형성된 모형의 협측 또는 설측교두에 500N의 하중을 가하였으며 하중의 방향은 치아 장축에 대해 45도 이었다. 치관부와 치근부의 von Mises 응력을 ANSYS 9.0프로그램으로 분석한 결과 포스트와 코어의 형태보다는 전장관 재료의 탄성 계수가 근관치료된 상악 소구치의 응력분포를 좌우하였다. 치관부에서는 재료의 탄성계수가 높은 전 장관으로 수복한 모형이 낮은 응력분포를 보였다. 치근부에서는 재료의 탄성계수가 낮은 전 장관으로 수복한 모형 이 낮은 응력분포를 보였다.

• Composites Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

전통적인 특성길이 방법을 이용하여 원공이 있는 복합재 적층판의 강도를 예측하기 위해서는 원공이 있는 적층뿐만 아니라 원공이 없는 적층판에 대한 시험 결과와 유한요소해석이 필요하였다. 본 논문에서는 응력집중계수와 재료상수를 이용하여 유한요소해석 없이 복합재 적층판 원공 주위의 응력분포 및 인장특성길이를 추정하고, 이를 바탕으로 원공이 있는 복합재 적층판의 인장강도를 예측할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 또한 새로운 방법에서는 재료의 효과가 변수로 고려되므로 다양한 재료에 대한 적용이 가능하며 원공이 있는 복합재 적층판에 대한 시험도 생략할 수 있다. 적층판 주위의 응력분포는 유한요소해석과의 비교를 통해 검증하였고, 최종적으로는 USN125 탄소/에폭시 적층판을 제작하여 파손하중 예측 결과와 시험 결과를 비교하였다. 원공이 있는 다양한 형상의 복합재 적층판의 파손강도 예측 결과는 최대 8% 이내의 오차로 시험 결과와 잘 일치함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2015

Thermal fatigue life of the automobile exhaust manifold is directly affected by the restraint force according to the structure of exhaust system and bead shape of the welded joints. In the present study, the microstructural changes and precipitation behavior during thermal fatigue cycle of the 18wt% Cr ferritic stainless steel weld heat affected zone (HAZ) considering restraint stress were investigated. The simulation of weld HAZ and thermal fatigue test were carried out using a metal thermal cycle simulator under complete constraint force in the static jig. The change of the restraint stress on the weld HAZ was simulated by changing the shape of notch in the specimen considering the stress concentration factor. Thermal fatigue properties of the weld HAZ were deteriorated during cyclic heating and cooling in the temperature range of $200^{\circ}C$ to $900^{\circ}C$ due to the decrease of Nb content in solid solution and coarsening of MX type precipitates, laves phase, $M_6C$ with coarsening of grain and softening of the matrix. As the restraint stress on the specimen increased, the thermal fatigue life was decreased by dynamic precipitation and rapid coarsening of the precipitates.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2013

카트 차체에는 현가장치와 차동장치가 존재하지 않으므로 카트주행 중 발생하는 프레임의 변형은 탄성변형으로 인한 주행성능과 프레임의 피로수명에 영향을 미친다. 선회주행 시 비틀림 변형에 의한 카트의 거동은 이 두 가지 변형에 결정적 원인을 제공한다. 이러한 곡선구간에서 카트의 동적 거동을 분석하기 위하여 GPS를 이용하여 차량의 궤적을 추적하고 카트 프레임 강에 작용하는 비틀림 응력을 측정하였다. 레저와 레이싱 카트 프레임의 기계적 성질을 파악하기 위해 재질 분석과 인장시험을 실시하여 각 프레임의 재료 특성을 분석하였다. 비틀림 응력집중과 프레임 비틀림은 프레임 해석을 통해 조사되었다. 또한 주행 분석 장치를 이용하여 레저와 레이싱 카트를 각 조건별로 실차실험을 수행하였고, 이를 통해 곡선구간에서 카트의 주행거동을 분석하였다. 선회주행 시 차량에 원심력에 의한 하중이동의 현상이 발생했으며, 이로 인해 카트 프레임 강에 비틀림 응력이 발생하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.334-351
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the improvement effect of white ginseng extract (GS-KG9) on D-galactosamine (Ga1N)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups. Rats were orally administrated with GS-KG9 (300, 500, or 700 mg/kg) or silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The rats of the GS-KG9- and silymarin-treated groups and a control group were then intraperitoneally injected Ga1N at a concentration of 650 mg/kg for 4 days. To investigate the protective effect of GS-KG9 against GalN-induced liver injury, blood liver function indicators, anti-oxidative stress indicators, and histopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GS-KG9 ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in GalN-treated rats. The hepatoprotective effects of GS-KG9 involved enhancing components of the hepatic antioxidant defense system, including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). In addition, GS-KG9 treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by GalN treatment in hepatocytes and significantly increased the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) proteins, which are antioxidant proteins. In particular, by histological analyses bases on hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, α-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-β1 staining, we determined that the administration of 500 mg/kg GS-KG9 inhibited hepatic inflammation and fibrosis due to the excessive accumulation of collagen. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that GS-KG9 improves GalN-induced liver inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GS-KG9 may be considered a useful candidate in the development of a natural preventive agent against liver injury.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1169-1180
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• 2021

Objective: This research aimed to study the effects of Artemisia argyi flavonoids (AAF) supplemented in diets on the growth performance and immune function of broiler chickens challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: A total of one hundred and ninety-two 1-d-old broiler chicks were assigned into 4 treatment groups, which were, respectively, fed a basal diet (control), fed a diet with 750 mg/kg AAF, fed a basal diet, and challenged with LPS, fed a diet with 750 mg/kg AAF, and challenged with LPS. Each treatment had six pens with 8 chicks per pen. On days 14, 16, 18, 20 (stress phase I) and 28, 30, 32, 34 (stress phase II), broilers were injected with LPS (500 ㎍/kg body weight) or an equivalent amount of saline. Results: The results demonstrated that dietary AAF significantly improved the body weight (d 21) and alleviated the decrease of average daily gain in broilers challenged with LPS on d 21 and d 35 (p<0.05). Dietary AAF increased bursa fabricius index, and dramatically attenuated the elevation of spleen index caused by LPS on d 35 (p<0.05). Furthermore, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration decreased with AAF supplementation on d 21 (p<0.05). Diet treatment and LPS challenge exhibited a significant interaction for the concentration of IL-1β (d 21) and IL-6 (d 35) in serum (p<0.05). Additionally, AAF supplementation mitigated the increase of IL-1β, IL-6 in liver and spleen induced by LPS on d 21 and 35 (p<0.05). This study also showed that AAF supplementation significantly reduced the expression of IL-1β (d 21) and nuclear transcription factor kappa-B p65 (d 21 and 35) in liver (p<0.05), and dietary AAF and LPS treatment exhibited significant interaction for the gene expression of IL-6 (d 21), toll like receptor 4 (d 35) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (d 35) in spleen (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, AAF could be used as a potential natural immunomodulator to improve growth performance and alleviate immune stress in broilers challenged with LPS.