• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.722-727
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• 2003

Xylitol is a 5-carbons carbohydrate, which can be replaced with sucrose for preventing caries. The effect of carbohydrates and their combinations with xylitol was studied for the replication of oral bacteria such as Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus salivarius. The replication of Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus salivarius was inhibited according to the increased concentration of xylitol. When Streptococcus oralis was incubated for 8 hours in the media added with lactose or sucrose, the optical density was 0.915 and 1.107, repectively. while being 0.127 and 0.104, respectively in the media combined with xylitol. When Streptococcus salivarius was incubated for 8 hours in the media added with lactose or fructose, the optical density was 1.550 and 0.420, repectively. while being 0.271 and 0.905, respectively in the media combined with xylitol. These results indicated that the replication of Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus salivarius was changed according to kinds of carbohydrates and combined addition of xylitol.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.466-472
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• 1999

The insoluble glucan is the major substance of dental plaque. In order to isolate the bacteria inhibiting the formation of insoluble glucan in disposable cuvette, saliva was got from about 10 thousand children. The isolated bacteria were tested by API 20S kit and API 50 CHL kit. These bactreia were identified as Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus sanguis, Enterococcus durans, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured with Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus sanguis, Enterococcus durans, Lactococcus lactis, or Lactobacillus acidophilus in disposable cuvette, the optical density at 550 nm was 0.823, 0.912, 0.894, 0.878, 0.753, 0.845, 1.021 respectively, while being 1.503 in the disposable cuvette culturing Streptococcus mutans only.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Streptococcus oralis on the formation of artificial plaque and the replication of Streptococcus mutans. S. mutans was incubated alone and in the combination with S. oralis in the beaker with wires. The produced plaque weight and the viable cells of S. mutans were compared between those cultures. Various factors were studied about the effect on the formation of plaque and the replication of S. mutans. Followings are the results. 1. Lower amount of plaque was produced and fewer cells of S. mutans were replicated at the mixed culture of S. mmutans and S. oralis than S. mutans alone. 2. When 10 mM glucose was added, the plaque weight was increased in the culture of S. mutans alone. But in the mixed culture of S. mutans and S. oralis, the plaque weight was not increased when 10 mM of glucose was added. 3. When 10 mM fructose was added, the plaque weight was increased in the culture of S. mutans alone or combined S. mutans and S. oralis. 4. In the mixed culture of S. mutans and S. oralis with different concentration, the more S. oralis exist, the less plaque and the fewer viable cells of S. mutans were observed. 5. The plaque weight and the viable cells of S. mutans were more decreased in the mixed culture of S. mutans and S. oralis than S. mutans alone after 12 hours. 6. When Staphylococcus epidermidis consuming hydrogen peroxide was added to the mixed culture of S. mutans and S. oralis, the plaque weight and the viable cells of S. mutans were increased. These results indicate that S. oralis inhibited the formation of plaque and the replication of S. mutans, and this may result from the formation of hydrogen peroxide S. oralis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.330-336
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• 2000

A large number of streptococci that do not fit readily into any of the established classification schemes have been relegated to a large heterogeneous group called the Streptococcus viridans, which are members of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the body, including the oral cavity, the nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. This group includes S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, S. milleri, etc. Surveying on the literature, it has been reported that infective endocarditis, meningitis, rhabdomyolysis, cholangitis, appendicitis caused by Streptococcus viridans, which were the most important pathogen in children with malignant hematologic disease. Various antibiotics has been chosen for treatment or prophylaxis for these infections, but were generally lower antimicrobial susceptibilities because of an abuse of antibiotics and advent of resistant group. Therefore, surveillant culture must be performed to evaluate personal antimicrobial susceptibilities of intraoral microbes for proper antimicrobial choice for dental procedures. This study examined sampling from subgingival plaque of 60 chidren's microbes. The cultured bacterial isolates, Streptococcus viridans were examined 10 antimicrobial drugs with the Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion method. The used drugs were Penicillin, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin. The results were as follows : 1. Sampling Streptococcus viridans were S. mitis(65%), S. oralis(22%), S. sanguis(5%), S. intermedius(3%), S. salivarius(2%), S acidominimus(2%), Unidentified streptococcus(2%). 2. The antimicrobial susceptibility of total Streptococcus viridans : Oxacillin< Erythromycin< Pencillin=Ciprofloxacin< Cephalothin< Ampicillin< Clindamycin< Gentamicin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 3. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. mitis : Oxacillin=Erythromycin< Ciprofloxacin< Cephalothin< Penicillin=Ampicillin< Gentamicin< Clidamycin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 4. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. oralis : Oxacillin< Erythromycin< Penicillin=Ciprofloxacin=Clindamycin< Cephalothin=Gentamicin< Ampicillin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 5. There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial susceptibility among each Streptococcus viridans group.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 1996

Bacteremia occurs in a wide variety of clinical procedures in oral cavity. Reduction of the number of causative microorganisms of infective endocarditis in oral cavity by local administration of antimicrobial agents decreases the magnitude of bacteremia and possibility of infective endocarditis. The effects of chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermis were investigated by measurement of turbidity. The effects of 0.1% chlorhexidine gargling for 7 days on oral bacterial flora, total streptococci, S. mutans, S. aureus, and S. epidermis in whole saliv a of 7 healthy human subjects, were investigated by measurement of Colony Forming Units (CFU). The obtained results were as follows : 1. Chlorhexidine showed significant antimicrobial effects on Streptococcus snaguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermis. However, the effects on S. sanguis and S. gordonii were not apparent compared with other microorganisms. 2. Oral gargling of 0.1% chlorhexidine decreased the CFU values of normal oral bacterial flora, total streptococci, S. mutans, S. aureus, and S. epidermis in whole saliva. The antimicrobial effects were significant after 4 days of chlorhexidine gargling. 3. Local antimicrobial administration in addition to systemic antibiotic prophylaxis can be highly recommended as an effective adjunct regimen for prevention of infective endocarditis.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.6-17
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• 2008

From the total 116,429 clinical specimens submitted to "C" hospital from January 2005 to December 2006, 2,195 strains of streptococci were isolated. Twenty four species of Streptococcus were identified with 0.1~19.8% isolation frequencies, of which S. pneumoniae was 19.8%, S. agalactiae 16.2%, S. anginosus 9.8%, S. constellatus 5.0%, S. oralis 3.9%, S. mitis 3.3%, S. pyogenes 2.7%, S. salivarius subsp. salivarius 2.2%, S. sanguinis 1.9%. For S. pneumoniae, clinical specimens showing over 9.0% isolation rate were 82.8% in sputum, 9.2% in blood, and for Streptococcus species other than S. pneumoniae, 18.0% in sputum, 16.0% in urine and 9.7% in blood. The antimicrobial agents that showed over 90.0% susceptibility were cefotaxime, gatilfloxacin, imipenem, levofloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, rifampin and sporfloxacin in S. pneumoniae, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cetriaxone, levofloxacin, linezolid, penicillin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and vancomycin in S. agalactiae, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, levofloxacin and vancomycin in S. anginosus, levofloxacin, vancomycin in S. constellatus subsp. constellatus, vancomycin in S. oralis, vancomycin in S. mitis, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, levofloxacin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and vancomycin in S. pyogenes, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin and vancomycin in S. salivarius subsp. salivarius, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin and vancomycin in S. bovis II, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and vancomycin in S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae, levofloxacin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin in the whole group of 10 Streptococcus spp. other than Streptococcus pneumoniae.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.180-189
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• 2004

Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride have been used as agents inhibiting the replication of oral bacteria and the formation of dental plaque. There are various kinds of bacteria with different sensitivity against these agents. In this study, chlorhexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride were studied about their effects on the replication of Streptococcus mutars, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus salivarius at their concentrations inhibiting the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutars. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured for 8 hours in the media added with $1.0{\mu}M$ chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, the weight of formed artificial plaque was decreased to $5.1{\pm}1.5mg$ compared with $106.1{\pm}18.1mg$ of the control(p<0.05). At the same time, the optical density of cultured media was decreased. The optical density of cultured media was slightly decreased in Streptococcus sobrinus, but was not decreased in Streptococcus oralis. The optical density of Streptococcus salivarius was decreased at 8 hours-incubation, was not decreased at 24 hours-incubation. When Streptococcus mutars was cultured for 8 hours in the media added with 3.0 mM sodium fluoride, the weight of formed artificial plaque was decreased to $26.7{\pm}8.3mg(p<0.05)$. At the same time, the optical density of cultured media was decreased. The optical density of cultured media was decreased in Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus oralis, but was slightly decreased in Streptococcus salivarius. These results suggest that at the concentration of chlorhexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoridehe inhibiting the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutans, different species of genus Streptococcus show the different sensitivity against these agents.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.334-340
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• 2010

It is well known that smoking as well as drinking is a factor of stomatopathy, however there are few investigations about comparison of oral flora between smokers and non-smokers. In this study, we isolated the oral flora of 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers and cultured them on blood agar plates. The isolated pathogenic microorganisms were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and resistance using the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing method. Each colony was stained using the Gram staining method and was identified by an automatic identifier, known as the VITEK system. We isolated 41 colonies from smokers' oral cavity, and they were sorted as 63% of Gram-positive cocci, 29% of Gram-negative cocci, 3% of Gram-positive bacilli, and 5% of Gram-negative bacilli by gram staining, whereas 38 colonies were isolated from non-smoters' oral cavity, and their proportions were 55% of Gram-positive cocci, 26% of Gram-negative cocci, 3% of Gram-positive bacilli, and 16% of Gram-negative bacilli. The VITEK system revealed specific distribution of bacteria species that Streptococcus mutans (6/41), Gemella morillorum (6/41), Streptococcus oralis (2/41), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1/41), Staphylococcus aureus (3/41), Streptococcus anginosus (1/41), Streptococcus intermedius (1/41), Streptococcus uberis (1/41), and Streptococcus sanguinis (1/41) in smokers oral cavity whereas Streptococcus sanguinis (8/38), Staphylococcus aureus (1/38), Staphylococcus auricularis (1/38), Streptococcus uberis (1/38), Streptococcus intermedius (1/38), Streptococcus mutans (1/38), and Streptococcus oralis (1/38) in those of non-smokers'. Three cases of Staphylococcus aureus from smokers produced Beta-lactamase and were identified methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However one case of Staphylococcus aureus from non-smoker did not produce Beta-lactamase and was sensitive to methicillin. In conclusion, the distribution of oral flora was different between smokers' and non-smokers' oral cavity, especially Gemella morillorum and MRSA were predominantly found in smoker's oral cavity. These results are useful in the treatment and prevention of patients with stomatopathy caused by smoking.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.361-369
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• 2000

Enterococcus is a normal inhabitant of the human oral cavity, the vagina, and the gastrointestinal tract. Four isolates of Enterococcus in this study were identified as E. durans. These bacteria were characterized and the interaction of these bacteria with the important oral bacteria as like S. mutans and S. oralis was studied as follows. 1. The carbohydrate fermentation test and biochemical test showed similar results in 4 isolates. 2. The susceptibility test against erythromycin, penicillin, tobramycin, ampicillin, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin showed to be susceptible in all four isolates. 3. The optical density of absorbance at 550 nm was 1.405 in the culture of S. mutans in disposable cuvette, whereas being 0.855, 0.867, 0.797, and 1.083 in the combined culture of S. mutans and each E. durans. 4. The mean weight of produced artificial plaque on the wires in the beaker was $1566{\pm}103mg$ in culture of S. mutans only, whereas being reduced to $44{\pm}5mg,\;41{\pm}12mg,\;34{\pm}7mg,\;and\;38{\pm}12mg$ in the combined culture of S. mutans and each E. durans. The viable cells were $2.0\times10^9$ per ml in the culture of S. mutans wheras being $2.0\times10^7\;to\;6.0\times10^7$ per ml in the combined culture S. mutans and E. durans. 5. The viable cells were $2.1\times10^8$ per ml in the culture of S. oralis, wheras being $1.4\times10^7\;to\;7.0\times10^7$ per ml in the combined culture of S. oralis and E. durans. 6. Plasmid of about 60 kb was isolated in three isolates of E. durans. These results suggested that E. durans isolated from the oral cavity inhibited the replication of S. mutans and formation of artificial plaque, while inhibiting the replication of S. oralis a little.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2007

The antibacterial activity of Korean honey bee venom (KBV) was examined against seven major bacterial mastitis pathogens, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus uberis isolated from infected mammary quarters of cows. Seven bacterial mastitis pathogens were studied for antibacterial activity of the KBV by disc diffusion assay, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and bacterial count in milk samples. The KBV showed activity against Ent. faecium, E. coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius. The order of susceptibility of the bacteria against the KBV was Staph. aureus>MRSA>E. coli>Strep. intermedius>Ent. faecium>Strep. oralis>Strep. uberis. The MIC against Staph. aureus, MRSA and E. coli were stronger effect as compared with standard drug. The effect of the KBV ($100{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$) on the viability of Ent. faecium, E. coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius, Strep. oralis and Strep. uberis in milk differed significantly with each other within 12 h incubation period. The results indicate that KBV has significant antibacterial effects against major bacterial mastitis bacteria, Ent. faecium, E.coli, MRSA, Staph. aureus, Strep. intermedius. Results of the study indicate the potential use of KBV as alternative to antibiotic therapy. Further investigations are needed though to confirm its efficacy and its effects on the animals.