• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.517-523
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of the study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of jaborandi and sorbitol to various oral microbes. Methods : Jaborandi leaves contain pilocarpine. The conditions for extraction were optimized on the basis of substances, temperatures and pHs. Total pilocarpine content after extraction was analyzed by HPLC. The herbal antimicrobial activity of jaborandi and sorbitol were evaluated for oral microbes containing ATCC 25175 S. mutans, ATCC 13419 S. salivarius, ATCC 6249 S. mitis, ATCC 33398 S. equi, ATCC 29213 S. aureus, ATCC 14053 C. albicans. Results : The optimum conditions for highest yielding extraction were pilocarpine content after boiling at $100^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour at pH 3. The level of total pilocarpine content was analyzed at 833 mg/kg by HPLC. The most effective antimicrobial activity was obtained by combination of pilocarpine and sorbitol rather than pilocarpine, menthol and sorbitol, respectively. Conclusions : This results supported the preventive oral health care using safe and convenient jaborandi herb.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

There are estimated to be about 700 species of bacteria in the oral cavity. Based on epidemiological investigations, some of these strains have been proposed as the pathogens responsible for oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Since electrolyzed hydrogen-rich water has been shown to have beneficial effects on human immunity, its use has increased. In our study, the antibacterial activity of hydrogen-rich water for oralagainst bacteria associated with oral disease was evaluated. The bacterial strains Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were cultured in specific growth medium. S. mutans, F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis were soaked to thein both hydrogen water and tap water for 30 sec and then inoculated onto mitis-salivarius agar and brain heart infusion agar including supplemented withvitamin K and hemin, respectively. The numbers of bacterial colonies were then measured after cultivation for 48 hours. In the case of T. forsythia, which does not grow well on agar plates, inoculations into modified new oral spirochete (NOS) broth were performed and growth curve analysis was undertaken every day with a spectrophotometer. Hydrogen water showed antibacterial activity against all four bacterial strains in comparison with tap-water. We conclude from this that hydrogen water may have a positive impact on oral hygiene by helping to remove cariogenic bacteria and periodontopathogens.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.94-97
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to introduce a new in vitro method for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of toothpaste, reflecting the actual toothbrushing time and the dilution of toothpaste by salivation. We designed three experimental groups and one negative control group. The experimental groups were (1) 90 μL of toothpaste + 10 μL 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 9/10 dilution group), (2) 50 μL of toothpaste + 40 μL 1X PBS (1/2 dilution group), and (3) 25 μL of toothpaste + 65 μL 1X PBS (1/4 dilution group). During toothbrushing, saliva is continuously secreted into the oral cavity and the toothpaste concentration is diluted over time during toothbrushing. Therefore, the 1/2 and 1/4 dilution experimental groups were added. The negative control group was toothpaste diluted 20,000-fold with 1X PBS. Miracle Fresh Doctor toothpaste and Streptococcus mitis KCOM 1350, Prevotella intermedia KCOM 1107, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum KCOM 1322, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans KCOM 1306 were used as the toothpaste and target bacterial strains, respectively. The number of bacterial cells plated on agar plates in the negative control group was 1,000 CFU. If the number of colonies on the experimental group plate was less than one, the treatment was considered to have > 99.9% bactericidal activity. These results suggest that this new in vitro method for antimicrobial evaluation could be used as the standard method for testing the antimicrobial activity of toothpaste.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.439-447
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• 2004

한국인 소아의 치면세균막에 존재하는 mutans streptococci종 및 생물형의 발현빈도와 치아우식경험지수와 상관관계를 알아보기 위하여, 조선대학교 치과병원에 내원한 12세 미만 113명의 소아 환자의 치아우식경험지수를 구하고, 이들의 상하 악 유전치 및 유구치의 협면 및 설면의 치면세균막 샘플을 채취하여 mutans streptococci를 mitis-salivarius bacitracin 배지에서 선택적으로 분리하였다. 이들의 biotype을 알아보기 위해 생화학적 검사를 실하였고, 이들의 종 수준에서의 동정을 위해 dextranase 유전자를 표적으로 하는 중합효소연쇄반응을 시행하여 하였다. 113명의 환자 중에서 40명의 치면세균막에서 40 균주의 mutans streptococci이 검출되었다. 이들 중 생물형 제 I 형(45%)이 가장 많이 검출되었으며, 그 다음으로 제 IV 형(32.5%), 제 II 형(15%), 제 V 형(5%) 제 III 형(2.5%) 순으로 검출되었다. 또한, 종 수준에서의 발현빈도를 알아본 결과 S. mutaus가 69%, S. sobrinus는 31%였다. Mutans streptococci 종 또는 생물형에 따른 환자의 치아우식경험지수간의 차이는 없는 것으로 조사되었다(p>0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 한국인의 소아의 구강 내에 존재하는 mutans streptococci중 생물형 제 I 형인 S. mutans가 가장 높은 빈도로 존재하며, 치아우식증이 세균학적 요소만이 아닌 기타 여러 원인요소에 의해 발병되는 다른 여러 연구 결과와 일치함을 알 수 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.549-576
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• 1995

Bacteria are one of the most important causative agents of the pulpal and periapical diseases. Streptococci are one of the most frequently isolated facultative anarerobic bacteria in the infected root canals. Bacterial cell wall components have a direct effect in the pathogenesis of the pulpal and periapical infections. Hyaluronidase produced by bacteria has been implicated in dissemination of the diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cell wall extract of streptococci on the L929 cells using inverted microscope and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hyaluronidase production of streptococcal strains were investigated to determine the correlation between the severity of cell damage and the activity of enzymes. Bacterial cell wall extracts of S. sanguis, S. mitis and S. uberis isolated from infected root canals and ATCC type strains of S. mutans (ATCC 10449) and E. faecalis (ATCC 19433) were prepared by sonication and confirmed with SDS-PAGE. Silver stain of SDS-PAGE of sonic extract was efficient at $100{\mu}g$/ml concentration of cell wall protein, while Coomasie blue stain was efficient at $100{\mu}g$/ml concentration. Inverted microscope showed that sonic extract-treated L929 cells were round and detached from the substratum while others lost their fibroblastic shapes. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed that streptococcal extracts induced death of L929 cells. Sonic extracts of streptococci had variable effect on microstructure of L929 cells. significant chromatin condensation was observed in the nucleus of the cells. Disappearance of cell surface microvilli and nuclear fragments with dense chromatin were observed. The cell nucleus had an irregular shape and numerous large vacuoles were seen in the cytoplasm and some breaks of the cell membrane could be seen. Cell organelles were in various stages of destruction and cristae of mitochondria were disoriented or disappeared. Eighteen strains of streptococci did not produce hyaluronidase.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2015

Objectives: The usage of medicinal plants as natural antimicrobial agents has grown in many fields including dental medicine. The aim of this in vitro study was three-fold: (i) to determine the chemical compositions of the Ferula gummosa essential oil (FGEO), (ii) to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of the oil with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX), (iii) to assess the toxic behavior of FGEO in different concentrations compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX. Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the chemical compositions of the oil. The disk diffusion method and a broth micro-dilution susceptibility assay were exploited to assess the antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, and Candida albicans. The cytocompatibility of the FGEO was assessed on L929 fibroblasts, and compared to that of NaOCl and CHX. Results: Twenty-seven constituents were recognized in FGEO. The major component of the oil was ${\beta}$-pinene (51.83%). All three irrigants significantly inhibited the growth of all examined microorganisms compared to the negative control group. FGEO at $50{\mu}g/mL$ was effective in lower concentration against Enterococcus faecalis than 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX, and was also more potent than 0.2% CHX against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. FGEO was a cytocompatible solution, and had significantly lower toxicity compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX. Conclusions: FGEO showed a promising biological potency as a root canal disinfectant. More investigations are required on the effectiveness of this oil on intracanal bacterial biofilms.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.246-255
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• 2007

Mutans streptococci have been implicated as cariogenic bacteria in dental caries because they can produce high levels of dental caries-causing lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharide. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the mutans streptococci from the dental plaque obtained from Koreans. The dental plaque samples were collected from the anterior and molar teeth of both jaws in 155 subjects (aged 2 to 33.2 years, average age $13.7{\pm}4.7\;years$). The samples were diluted by 100-fold in $1{\times}\;PBS$ and plated on mitis-salivarius bacitracin (MSB) agar plates. The mutans streptococci grown on MSB plates were screened by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) targeting dextranase gene (dex). The mutans streptococci were identified at the species level using a 16S rDNA sequencing comparison method. The biochemical tests were carried out to biotype the mutans streptococci. Ninety-five strains of the mutans streptococci out of 358 colonies, which were derived from 141 subjects, were isolated. Of them, 77 strains and 18 strains were Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, respectively. The biotyping data showed that 62, 1, 20, 10, and 2 strains were biotypes I, II, IV, V and variant, respectively. Of the two strains of variant biotype, one strains was similar to biotype IV except that it was positive to the arginine hydrolysis test. We considered this one strain a new biotype, and classified it as biotype VII. In conclusion, S. mutans and its biotype I was most frequently isolated in Korean dental plaque. The mutans streptococci strains isolated in this study might be useful for the study of the pathogenesis and the prevention of dental caries.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.882-888
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• 2006

목 적 : 소아 종양 환아 치료에서 감염은 사망까지 초래할 수 있어, 균혈증에 적절히 대처하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 이에 저자들은 현 시점에서 소아 암 환아에서 발생한 균혈증을 분석하여 앞으로의 치료에 참조하기 위해 이 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1998년 2월부터 2005년 5월 까지 계명대학교 동산의료원 소아과 병동에서 총 44명의 소아 종양 환아에서 발생되었던 62건의 균혈증을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 입원 당시 감염 소견이 있거나 입원 48시간 이내 발열이 있었던 환아들은 대상군에서 제외하였다. 결 과 : 그람양성균에 의한 균혈증은 30례, 그람음성균에 의한 균혈증은 24례, 진균혈증은 8례로 그람양성균의 빈도가 가장 높았다. 그람양성균 중에서는 Staphylococcus epidermidis 19례, Staphylococcus aureus 5례, alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus 5례의 순으로 빈도가 높았으며, 그람음성균에서는 Alcaligenes xylosoxidans 10례, Klebsiella pneumoniae 5례, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 3례의 순으로 빈도가 높았다. 절대 호중구 수치가 $500/mm^3$ 이하인 경우는 모두 28례(45.2 %)였으며 그람양성균에서는 S. epidermidis가, 그람음성균에서는 K. pneumoniae가 가장 많았다. 항생제 감수성 검사를 시행하여서는 그람양성균 모두가 vancomycin과 teicoplanin에 감수성이 있었으나 methicillin에 내성을 보이는 경우가 S. epidermidis에서 61.5%(8/13), S. aureus에서 80%(4/5)이었다. 그람음성균에서의 감수성 결과, 대부분이 imipenem에 감수성을 보였다. K. pneumoniae는 모든 경우에서 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase(ESBL)가 양성이었고 K. pneumoniae에 감염된 환아 5례 중 4례가 패혈증과 관련되어 사망하였다. 결 론 : 본원에서도 다른 기관과 마찬가지로 균혈증의 원인으로 그람양성균이 많았다. 앞으로 주기적으로 균혈증의 원인균주를 분석하고 그 균주에 대한 항생제의 감수성을 참조하여 적절한 항생제를 선택할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다.