• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2004

Golf has become an increasingly a popular sports for young and older ages. It has benefits of walking exercise and enjoyment of sports . However, golf is considered to be a moderate risk activity for sports injury due to traumatic origin and overuse. Golf injuries primarily affect the dorsolumbar sites , upper extremity(elbow, shoulder, wrist) and lower extremity (knee, hip, ankle). Ajustment of golf swing and conditioning programmes for preventing injuries which include muscular strengthening, flexibility and a short pregame warm up help to reduce the incidence of injury.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2004

There is a large number of old athletes participating golf, and the shoulder, especially the nondominant or lead arm, appears to be at greatest risk for golf-related injury during extremes of motion. To reduce and prevent the risk of injury and improve the performance of golf, golfer should understand the biomechanics of the golf swing, increase flexibility, and perform stretching and strengthening exercises regularly .

• 재활복지
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.31-51
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• 2018

This study performed to provide the basic information about the effects of the health management importance awareness on the occupational performance and basic fitness for the people with intellectual disabilities. 16 people with intellectual disabilities participated in muscle strengthening exercise. To assess health management importance awareness, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was used to identify the importance of the health management. According to the results of the importance, they were divided into two groups: Extreme and Neutral Importance Group in order to analyze the changes of the occupational performance and basic fitness. In-group analysis of the performance, satisfaction level, strength, and flexibility found that all measures improved in both groups following completion of the program. Between-group analysis following completion of the program indicated group differences in the performance and satisfaction level, but no group differences were found in the muscle strength and flexibility. Thus, this study showed the positive effects from the results of the program participation targeting the people with intellectual disabilities, and highlighted the importance of the awareness for them regarding the need for the health management (as evidenced by the improvement in occupational performance). It is expected that effective health management through participation in programs such as this will help maintain a healthy lifestyle and contribute to improve the quality of life.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the intramuscular activation of the scapular stabilizing muscles and the upper trapezius/middle serratus anterior (UT/MSA) ratios during shrug exercise and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) scapular pattern exercise. Methods: The participants of this study were 13 young adult men who voluntarily consented to participate in this experiment after listening to its purpose and methods. All participants were instructed on maximal voluntary isometric contraction and scapular exercises. The intramuscular activation of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), middle serratus anterior (MSA), and lower serratus anterior (LSA) muscles while performing scapular exercises in a side-lying position were measured using surface electromyography. To analyze the muscle activation and UT/MSA ratio between the two exercises, a one-way repeated ANOVA was performed. Post-hoc analyses were conducted using Tukey's multiple comparison and analysis. Hamstring flexibility for each group was measured by a passive straight leg raising test. Results: The shrug exercise showed significantly higher UT activation compared to PNF anterior elevation and posterior elevation scapular patterns. The PNF scapular anterior elevation pattern showed significantly higher serratus anterior activation than the shrug exercise. Additionally, the UT/MSA ratios were significantly lower in the PNF scapular anterior elevation pattern than in the two exercises. Conclusion: Although shrug exercise was effective for strengthening UT, the PNF scapular anterior elevation pattern may be effective for strengthening MSA and improving the UT/MSA ratio.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.32-41
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• 2019

Background: Limitations in hip flexion caused by tight hamstrings lead to excessive lumbar flexion and low back pain. Accordingly, many studies have examined how to stretch the hamstring muscle. However, no study has focused on the effect of hamstring eccentric exercise for tight hamstrings on trunk forward bending. Objects: We compared the short-term effect of hamstring eccentric exercise (HEE) and hamstring static stretching (HSS) on trunk forward bending in individuals with tight hamstrings. Methods: Thirty individuals with tight hamstrings participated in the study. The subjects were randomly allocated to either a HEE or HSS group. To determine whether the hamstrings were tight, the active knee extension (AKE) test was performed, and the degree of hip flexion was measured. To assess trunk forward bending, subjects performed the fingertip to floor (FTF) and modified modified Schober tests, and the degree of trunk forward bending was measured using an inclinometer. We used paired t-tests to compare the values before and after exercise in each group and independent t-tests to compare the two groups on various measures Results: The FTF test results were improved significantly after the exercise in both groups, and AKE for both legs increased significantly in both groups. There was no significant difference in the hip angles, mmS test results, or degree of trunk forward bending between groups after the exercise. No test results differed significantly between the two groups at baseline or after the exercise. Both groups increased hamstring flexibility and trunk forward bending. Conclusion: HSS and the HEE groups increased hamstring flexibility and trunk forward bending. However, HEE has additional benefits, such as injury prevention and muscle strengthening.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2016

This paper presents the results of an experimental study investigating the effects of anchorage systems used in externally bonded steel plates on the strength and ductility of reinforced concrete structures. In the literature, diagonal steel plates bonded to frames were designed to be more flexible than the connections to eliminate the possible effect of the connection flexibility. However, to better evaluate the performance of the strengthened structures, the strength and behavior of connections should also be considered. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the effects of different connection types of steel plates bonded to the frame using anchors on the strengthened RC structures. For this purpose, eleven specimens were designed to simulate the interior and exterior connection behavior. Two of these were used as the control beams and remaining nine for the investigation of the functionality of the end steel plates. Experimental results show that the load carrying capacity of the strengthened beams is directly related to the connection types of the steel plates. For the interior connections, L-shaped end plates that were strengthened using steel anchors must have adequate stiffness to prevent its shape. While, for the exterior connections, the connection with three anchors carried more load than the other exterior connections.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2012

Background: This study has conducted an experiment on 14 disabled hemiplegia (female) introduced from D rehabilitation welfare center, sorted out subjects who will enthusiastically and sincerely follow the experiment for 8 weeks (before-after), and grouped them into control group (7 people), and aquatic exercise program group (7 people). After researching the effect of application of exercise program to hemiplegia on physical function and length of lower limb, we have come to the following conclusion. In case of hemiplegia, we have concluded that aquatic exercise program can aid muscle strengthening and lower limb since aquatic exercise program activates physical function and deep muscle, showing a positive influence on muscular strength and flexibility, and a significant influence on balance of lower limb. This result is considered to make people recognize the importance of rehabilitation exercise when making a program for daily life activity, injury prevention, and treatment for hemiplegia, and we believe that such reference will be proposed as a theoretical basis for application of aquatic exercise program to hemiplegia, and further be a great aid to similar studies.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.80-84
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• 2011

In the 5xxx series Al-Mg alloy, magnesium addition can increase the strength of aluminum alloy by solid solution strengthening but it has a relatively low melting and boiling temperature. During full -penetration laser welding of the Al-Mg alloys, its low boiling point and high vapor pressure brings about the spiky humping bead on the bottom side. Under back-side shielding, the spiking of back bead can be reduced but it restraints the process flexibility. In this study, a square pulse waveform modulation was employed to stabilize keyhole and back bead surface without back-side shielding. By using an experimental design, the bead shapes were evaluated for various process parameters such as the focal position, welding velocity and waveform parameters and the smooth back bead shape could be achieved.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.64
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• pp.239-264
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• 2014

Two types of responses to climate change exist. First is climate mitigation which includes efforts of reducing CO2 and GHG emissions. Second response is climate adaptation process which is establishing climate resilience in the supply chain. The two are inherently different since mitigation strategy focus on eliminating the source of climate change and is long term in nature but adaptation strategy is moderating the impact of potential or current climate change. In order to embed climate resilience in the supply chain, mitigation strategies and adaption strategies must be implemented simultaneously. Corporation's adaptation to climate change related natural disaster can be seen as a response that includes mitigation and adaptation strategies simultaneously. A comprehensive climate change resilience supply chain approach has to be developed. This paper illustrated guidelines and adaptation process framework businesses can utilize in order to build climate resilience. Screening process before the actual assessment of risk was introduced as well as the whole adaptation process of establishing information system and strengthening climate-related operational flexibility.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.169-187
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• 2001

This study was performed to probe the effect of exercise program on muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, pain, disability level and life satisfaction in female teachers of elementary school who complain of low back pain. For this study, 44 female teachers aged 30-50 years with mechanical low back pain of 6 months' duration, who had the structural normalities in the lumbar spine, were recruited from April 1 to July 10 1999. Twenty three out of them were assigned to the experimental group and twenty one to the control group. The exercise program consisted of education on right postures, the etiology and diagnosis of low back pain, and exercise intervention such as muscle relaxation, elongation and strengthening. With 8 weeks program, the subjects received two sessions of education and six sessions of group exercise in the 1st week, while three sessions of group exercise and four sessions of individual exercise weekly and two sessions of education during the later 7 weeks. The muscle strength and endurance were measured by Cybex 770, the flexibility by flexibility measurement machine, the intensity of pain by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the level of disability by Oswestry low back pain disability scale, depression by Beck depression inventory (BDI), and life satisfaction by Life satisfaction index-Z. Study measurements were taken before and after 8 weeks exercise program. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, t-test, and ANCOVA. The results were as follows ; 1. The flexors and extensors peak torque and flexors peak torque per body weight of experimental group were significantly increased at test velocities $30^{\circ}$/sec, $60^{\circ}$/sec compared with those of control group. There was no significant difference in extensors peak torque per flexors peak torque at $30^{\circ}/sec$, $60^{\circ}/sec$ between experimental and control group. 2. The flexors and extensors total work and flexors total work per body weight of experimental group were significantly increased at $120^{\circ}/sec$, compared with those of control group. 3.The flexibility of lumbar spine in experimental group was significantly increased compared with that of control group. The pains in anterior, posterior, left lateral and right lateral bending and in rotation of experimental group were significantly increased compared with those of control group. 4. The Oswestry disability scores of experimental and control group were significantly decreased, and there was no difference in the Oswestry disability score change between experimental and control group. 5. The scores of BDI of experimental group were significantly decreased compared with those of control group. Life satisfaction index-Z scores of experimental group were not changed, but those of control group were significantly decreased. There was no difference in the score change of Life satisfaction index-Z between experimental and control group. 6. ANCOVA analysis for the data variables of inhomogeneous baseline represented that there was no significant difference in extensors peak torque and extensors total work at $120^{\circ}/sec$ and extensor total work per body weight at $120^{\circ}/sec$ change between experimental group and control group. These findings indicate that the exercise program could be effective in increasing the muscle strength, endurance, flexibility and decreasing pain, improving depression in female teachers of elementary school with chronic low back pain. It is suggested that the exercise program could be an essential factor for the effective nursing intervention to the patients suffered from chronic low back pain.