• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.140-144
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of organic characteristics and feed water solution chemistry on membrane fouling index such as Silt Density Index (SDI) and Modified Fouling Index (MFI). Specifically, Aldrich humic acids (AHA) and Suwannee river humic acids (SHA) were used in SDI/MFI experiments. Higher SDI values were observed with increasing organic concentration. AHA with larger molecular weight (MW) and SUVA (${\approx}UV_{254}/TOC$) resulted in higher SDI values, compared to SHA. The feed solution chemistry (i.e, pH, ionic strength, and hardness) also affects SDI values to some degree. In particular, SDI increased with increasing hardness ($Ca^{2+}$) concentration for AHA. Unlike SDI, the MFI developed on the basis of particle cake filtration theory, was not accurately assessed due to internal fouling by organics such as pore adsorption and subsequent pore blocking.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권10호
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• pp.9-21
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• 2020

The aim of this paper is to predict the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 30 index movements to determine the most accurate buy and sell decisions using the methods of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). We combined these two methods to obtain a hybrid intelligence method, which we apply. In the financial markets, over 100 technical indicators can be used. However, several of them are preferred by analysts. In this study, we employed nine of these technical indicators. They are moving average convergence divergence (MACD), relative strength index (RSI), commodity channel index (CCI), momentum, directional movement index (DMI), stochastic oscillator, on-balance volume (OBV), average directional movement index (ADX), and simple moving averages (3-day moving average, 5-day moving average, 10-day moving average, 14-day moving average, 20-day moving average, 22-day moving average, 50-day moving average, 100-day moving average, 200-day moving average). In this regard, we combined these two techniques and obtained a hybrid intelligence method. By applying this hybrid model to each of these indicators, we forecast the movements of the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 30 index. The experimental result indicates that our best proposed hybrid model has a successful forecast rate of 75%, which is higher than the single ANN or GA forecasting models.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.785-809
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• 2014

In this paper, an Adaptive nerou-based inference system (ANFIS) is being used for the prediction of shear strength of high strength concrete (HSC) beams without stirrups. The input parameters comprise of tensile reinforcement ratio, concrete compressive strength and shear span to depth ratio. Additionally, 122 experimental datasets were extracted from the literature review on the HSC beams with some comparable cross sectional dimensions and loading conditions. A comparative analysis has been carried out on the predicted shear strength of HSC beams without stirrups via the ANFIS method with those from the CEB-FIP Model Code (1990), AASHTO LRFD 1994 and CSA A23.3 - 94 codes of design. The shear strength prediction with ANFIS is discovered to be superior to CEB-FIP Model Code (1990), AASHTO LRFD 1994 and CSA A23.3 - 94. The predictions obtained from the ANFIS are harmonious with the test results not accounting for the shear span to depth ratio, tensile reinforcement ratio and concrete compressive strength; the data of the average, variance, correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation (CV) of the ratio between the shear strength predicted using the ANFIS method and the real shear strength are 0.995, 0.014, 0.969 and 11.97%, respectively. Taking a look at the CV index, the shear strength prediction shows better in nonlinear iterations such as the ANFIS for shear strength prediction of HSC beams without stirrups.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the individual finger force between dominant hand and non-dominant hand and to investigate an effect of the individual finger on the total grip strength depending on dominant hand and non-dominant hand. Background: Many studies on the ratio of the grip force between dominant hand and non-dominant hand has been researched. While a 10% rule which is a ratio of the grip force between dominant hand and non-dominant hand has been applied in most studies, studies on the rate of the individual finger force between dominant hand and non-dominant hand have been insufficiently researched. Method: The experiment was preceded with 17 subjects (male, mean 25.8 ages). The individual finger force and total grip strength were measured using pliers being able to change the grip span from 45 to 80mm. Results: The difference of total grip strength between dominant hand and non-dominant hand is following 10% rule. However, the difference of individual finger force between dominant hand and non-dominant hand are not same as the difference of total grip strength. Especially in the case of grip span with 50mm, the differences between total grip strength, index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger were $9.87{\pm}14.80%$, $8.95{\pm}37.17%$, $13.71{\pm}28.27%$, $6.77{\pm}24.35%$, $39.29{\pm}42.46%$, respectively, with p=0.018 of statistical significance. Additionally, the results of regression analysis in 50 and 60mm of grip span showed that the difference in ring finger affected the most to the total grip strength; and the effects followed in order of index finger, middle finger, and little finger. Conclusion: Our study suggests that an effect of individual finger and grip span of pliers have to be considered when explaining the difference of the total grip strength between dominant hand and non-dominant hand. Application: This result is expected to be used for designing ergonomic hand tool.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.434-444
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• 2013

In order to evaluate drought risk at upland according to climate change scenario (RCP8.5), we have carried out the simulation using agricultural water balance estimation model, called AFKAE0.5, at 66 weather station sites in 2020, 2046, 2050, 2084, and 2090. Total Drought Risk Index between the first month (f) and last month (l) (TDRI(f/l)) and maximum continuous drought risk index (MCDRI(f/l)) were defined as the index for analyzing pattern and strength of drought simulated by the model. Based on distribution maps of MCDRI (1/12), drought strength was predicted to be most severe in 2084 for all regions. Some regions showed severe risk of drought meaning over 20 days of MCDRI (1/12) in the other years, while MCDRI (1/12) in other regions did not reach 5 days. Even though maximum value of TDRI (1/12) in 2090 was greater than in 2050, more severe drought risk in 2050 than in 2090 was predicted based on MCDRI (4/6). It implies that drought risk should be assessed for each crop with its own growing season.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.755-760
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• 2009

Styrene은 중합체와 공중합체로 널리 사용되어져 왔으며, 고 굴절률을 가지고 있기 때문에 콘택트렌즈 재료로 유용하게 사용된다. 본 연구는 styrene을 교차결합제인 EGDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)와 HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) 그리고 개시제인 AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile)을 사용하여 공중합 하였다. 공중합한 안 의료용 재료의 물리적 특성을 측정한 결과 굴절률 1.4412-1.4628, 함수율 20-35%, 가시광선 투과율 82.6-87.0%, 인장강도 0.143-0.344 Kgf를 나타내었다. Styrene의 비율이 증가할수록 굴절률과 인장강도는 증가하였으며, 함수율은 감소하였다. 본 실험결과로 볼 때 생성된 공중합체는 기능성을 가진 고성능 콘택트렌즈 재료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한골대사학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2018

Background: Although studies and interest in sarcopenia have increased, it is still a matter of debate which muscle mass index better represents the aging process. We compared 3 indices for muscle mass (appendicular skeletal muscle mass [ASM]/weight, $ASM/height^2$, and the body mass index [BMI]-adjusted muscle mass index [ASM/BMI]) to determine which better reflected the aging process in terms of the decline in bone mineral density (BMD), visual acuity (VA), hearing power, renal function, pulmonary function, and handgrip strength. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the Korean population. Between 2008 and 2011, a total of 14,415 men and 17,971 women aged 10 years or older participated in the study. We plotted the changes in the 3 indices of muscle mass and compared these with changes in BMD, VA, hearing power, renal function, pulmonary function, and handgrip strength according to each age group. Results: The ASM/BMI showed similar changes in terms of surrogate markers of the aging process, while the ASM/weight and $ASM/height^2$ showed no correlation. Conclusions: Among muscle indices for sarcopenia, only the ASM/BMI represented the aging process.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1992

R/C라멘골조에 있어서 수직부재(기둥, 벽등)에 수평부재(보, 슬라브등)의 콘크리트 강도보다 1.4배가 넘는 강도의 콘크리트를 분리타설할 경우 ACI 318-89 R10. 13. 1은 수직부재에 타설한 콘크리트가 수평부재로 2ft(60cm)이상의 내민길으를 확보하도록 규정하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 이 규정을 그대로 적용하기에 앞서 실험적인 검증을 통하여 구조적인 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 주요변수로서 콘크리트 압축강도, 전단보강비, 하중재하방법 등을 두어 총 6개의 시험체를 시험 및 분석하였다. 실험결과는 일방향 단조하중을 받는 시험체가 반복하중을 받는 시험체보다 다소 낮은 하중 수행능력을 보였다. 반복하중을 받는 시험체의 경우 접합면으로부터 5~20cm정도 떨어진 부분에 집중적인 균열이 발생하였으나 2ft(60cm)의 내민길이 면에서의 거의 균열이 발생하지 않아 현재 ACI의 내민길이 2ft(60cm)에 대한 규정은 매우 안전한 것으로 사료되며, 전단보강비가 증가함에 따라 부재의 연성능력이 증가하는 것으로 나타나 요구되는 전단보강근양의 50%이하는 부재의 거동에 다소 불리하나 50%를 초과하는 전단보강은 과다한 보강인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 국내 철도 및 고속도로 등 각종 토목사업이 진행되면서 발생하는 많은 양의 파쇄암 특히 풍화 이암을 도로 노상이나 성토 재료로 활용하기 위해 직경 5cm, 높이 10cm의 원주형 공시체를 제작하여 공학적 특성을 평가하였다. 포항지역 토목현장에서 강우 시 빠르게 풍화되는 이암을 채취한 다음 2mm체를 통과한 파쇄 이암에 시멘트비, 모래비, 양생조건, 양생기간에 따른 풍화 이암 고결토를 제작하였다. 각 조건에 따라 공시체를 3개씩 제작한 다음 일축압축강도, 내구성시험 및 SEM 분석을 실시하였으며, 양생조건, 시멘트비 및 모래비가 고결토의 공학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 28일 양생한 경우, 대기중보다 수중 양생한 공시체의 일축압축강도가 32-55% 정도, 그리고 내구성지수는 평균 15% 정도 더 높았다. 또한, 시멘트비가 8%에서 16%로 증가할 경우, 수중 양생한 순수 이암 고결토의 일축압축강도는 약 1.6배 정도 증가하였으며, 내구성지수는 약 1.9배 증가하였다. 모래비가 0%에서 50%로 증가할 경우, 순수 이암 고결토보다 모래비가 10%인 경우 일축압축강도가 약간 감소하거나 변화 없다가 30-50% 정도 함유됨에 따라 최대 51%까지 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 내구성지수는 일축압축강도와 달리 모래비가 증가함에 따라 계속 증가하는 경향을 보였다. SEM 분석 결과 모래비가 0%인 경우보다 50%인 경우 모래 입자간의 연결이 증가하면서 서로 연결된 구조를 보였으며, 이러한 입자간 연결로 고결토의 강도가 증가하였다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2009

We investigated the effect of polyelectrolyte types in Layer-by-Layer multilayering and furnish combination on physical properties of paper. Handsheets were made from pulp fibers with different polyelectrolytes composition, and their density, formation, tensile strength, strain, tear strength and burst strength were evaluated. The density of handsheet was slightly decreased by polyelectrolyte multilayering. Formation did not show a significant change, but all mechanical properties were increased by polyelectrolyte multilayering. Remarkable improvement in tensile and tear strengths was obtained when pulp fibers were treated with cationic starch and poly styrene 4-sulfonate. Irrespectively of final ionicity of pulp fiber, tensile index, strain and tear strength of paper could be improved simultaneously by polyelectrolyte multilayering.