• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.1180-1190
• /
• 2020

Objective: To develop healthier comminuted meat products to meet consumer demand, the gel properties, rheological properties, microstructure and water distribution of pork meat batters formulated with various amounts of bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF) were investigated. Methods: Different levels of BSDF (0% to 4%) were added to pork batters, and the pH, color, water-holding capacity, texture and rheological properties of pork batters were determined. Then, pork batters were analyzed for their microstructure and water distribution using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). Results: Compared with the control, BSDF addition into meat batters showed a significant reduction in L^*-value and a significant increase in b^*-value (p<0.05). BSDF addition of up to 4% reduced the pH value of pork batters by approximately 0.15 units; however, the cooking loss and expressible water loss decreased significantly (p<0.05) with the increased addition of BSDF. The hardness and gel strength were noticeably enhanced (p<0.05) as the content of BSDF increased. The rheological results showed that BSDF added into pork batters produced higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") values. The SEM images suggested that the addition of BSDF could promote pork batters to form a more uniform and compact microstructure. The proportion of immobilized water increased significantly (p<0.05), while the population of free water was decreased (p<0.05), indicating that BSDF improved the water-holding capability of pork batters by decreasing the fraction of free water. Conclusion: BSDF could improve the gel properties, rheological properties and water distribution of pork meat batters and decrease the proportion of free water, suggesting that BSDF has great potential as an effective binder in comminuted meat products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.31 no.8
• /
• pp.679-689
• /
• 2009

Light olefins are very important hydrocarbons widely used as the raw materials of the most petrochemicals including plastics and medicines. In addition, the nation's olefin production capacity is regarded as one of the key indicators to predict the nation's economic scale and growth. Steam cracking of naphtha (or called "NCC (Naphtha Cracking Center) technology"), the traditional process to produce light olefins, is one of the most consuming energy processes among the chemical industries. Therefore, this process causes tremendous $CO_2$ emission. To reduce the energy consumption and $CO_2$ emission from NCC process, the present paper, firstly, investigates and analyses some alternative technologies which can be potentially substituted for traditional process. Secondly, applying the alternative technologies to NCC process, their effects such as energy savings, $CO_2$ emission reduction and CER (Certified Emission Reduction) were estimated. It is found that the advanced NCC process can reduce approximately 35% of SEC (Specific Energy Consumption) of traditional NCC process. This effect can lead to the reduction of 3.3 million tons of $CO_2$ and the acquisition of the 128 billion won of CER per year. Catalytic cracking of naphtha technology, which is other alternative processes, can save up to approximately 40% of SEC of traditional NCC process. This value equates to the 3.8 million tons of $CO_2$ mitigation and 147 billion won of CER per year.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.285-299
• /
• 2006

At the end of 2005, 443 nuclear reactors were operating in 32 countries worldwide. They had provided about 3,000 TWh, which was just over 16 percent of global electricity supply. With the generating capacity of 368 GWe in 2004, the spent fuel generation rate worldwide, now becomes at about 11,000 tHM/y. Projections indicate that cumulative amounts to be generated by the year 2020, the time when most of the existing NPP will be closed to the end of their licensed lifetime, may be close to 445,000 tHM. In this regard, spent fuel management is a common issue in all countries with nuclear reactors. Whatever their national policy and/or strategy is selected for the backend of the nuclear fuel cycle, the management of spent fuel will contribute an impending and imminent issues to be resolved in the foreseeable future. The 2nd Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Joint Convention was held in Vienna from 15 to 24 May 2006. The meeting gave an opportunity to exchange information on the national policy and strategy of spent fuel management of the Contracting Parties, to discuss their situations, prospects and the major factors influencing the national policies in this field and to identify the most important directions that national efforts and international co-operation in this area should be taken. In this paper, an overview of national and global trends of spent fuel management is discussed. In addition, some directions are identified and recent activities of each Member States in the subject area are summarized.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.192-205
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors, which have influence upon changes of hydrological environment in time series, and evaluate water balance changes caused by urbanization. The results of the analysis and evaluation are as follow: At first, the river runoff at Gwangju River Basin keep base flow of river by storage capacity recharged in June to September and show peak in August and minimum flow in May. The groundwater recharge by urbanization accounted for 46.1% of rainfall at early-urban stage, and decreased to 36.5% and 29.9% in the 1960's and the 1990's respectively, and is likely to decrease to 27.8% in the 2010's. On the other hand, the overland flow was 9.6% of rainfall in the 1960's and 16.2% in the 1990's, and is likely to increase to 18.3% in the 2010's. When such a phenomenon is kept continuously, distorted water balance shall be worsened to create not only frequent occurrence of urban flood but also decreased base flow of Gwangju River to accelerate dry stream phenomenon. The time series study on urban redevelopment and environment maintenance describes distorted phenomenon to supply the information for nature-friendly land use, and examines relations between human activities and natural environment.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.307-315
• /
• 2009

The purpose of map generalization is a method of map making to transmit the concise cartographic representation and geographic meaning. New generalization algorithm has been developed to be applied in the digital environments by the development of computer cartography. This study aims to look into possibilities of the multiscale mapping by generalization in application with the coordinate transformation and LoD(level of detail) in the web cartography. A method of the coordinate transformation is to improve a transmission of spatial data. Lod is a method which is making web map with selection spatial data by zoom level of users. Layers for test constructed contour line, stream network, the name of a place, a summit of mountain, and administrative office. The generalization was applied to zoom levels by scale for the linear and polygonal features using XML-Based scalable vector graphics(SVG). Resultantly, storage capacity of data was minimized 41% from 9.76mb to 4.08mb in SVG. Generalization of LoD was applied to map elements by stages of the zoom level. In the first stages of zoom level, the main name of places and administrative office, higher order of stream channels, main summit of mountain was represented, and become increase numbers of map elements in the higher levels. Results of this study can help to improve esthetic map and data minimization in web cartography, and also need to make an efforts to research an algorithm on the map generalization over the web.

• Solar Energy
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 1982

The Solar Energy R&D Department of KIER under the auspice of the Korean government is pushing hard on the development of the passive solar technology with high priority for the expeditious widespread use of solar energy in Korea, since the past few years of experiences told us that the active solar technology is not yet ready for massive commercialization in Korea. KIER has completed the construction of the Solar Energy Research & Test Center in Seoul, which houses the major facilities for its all solar test programs. The Center was designed as a passive solar building with great emphasis on the energy conserving ideas. The Center is not only the largest passive building in Korea, but also the exhibit center for the effective demonstration of the passive heating and cooling technology to the Korean public. The Center was designed to satisfy the requirements based on the technical and economical criteria set by the KIER. Careful considerations, therefore, were given in depth in the following areas to meet the requirements. 1) Passive Heating Concepts The Center employed the combination of direct and indirect gain system. The shape of the Center is Balcomb House style, and it included a large built-in sunspace in front. A partition, consists of transparent and translucent glazings, separates the sunspace and the living space. Since most activities in the Center occur during the day time, direct utilization of the solar energy by the living spaces was emphasized with the limited energy storage capacity. 2) Passive Cooling Concepts(for Summer) Natural ventilation concept was utilized throughout the building. In the direct gain portion of the system, the front glazing can be openable during the cooling season. Natural convection scheme was also applied to the front sunspace for the Summer cooling. Reflective surfaces and curtains were utilized wherever needed. 3) Auxiliary Heat ing and Cooling System As an auxiliary cooling system, mechanical means(forced convection system) were adopted. Therefore forced air heating system was also used to match the duct work requirements of the auxiliary cool ing system. 4) Effect ive Insulation & Others These included the double glazed windows, the double entry doors, the night glazing insulation, the front glazing-frame insulation as well as the building skin insulation. All locally available construction materials were used, and natural lightings were provided as much as possible. The expected annual energy savings (compared to the non-insulated conventional building)of the Center was estimated to be about 80%, which accounts for both the energy conservation and the solar energy source. The Center is being instumented for the actual performance tests. The experimental results of the simplified tests are discussed in this paper.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.44 no.9
• /
• pp.765-776
• /
• 2011

Flood discharge capacity in a dam downstream reach has been decreased after dam construction because of the river cross section reduction impacted by farm lands, sand-bars and parking lots, etc. in river flood plains. Those obstacles being in the river inside areas have caused negative influences to the dam operation policy. Therefore, the dam downstream river improvement work associated with the dam operation improvement plan is under construction for removing reduction factors on the dam effective storage, assuring flood safety in the dam downstream river and incrementing dam operation benefits. But the project has issued some problems such as project feasibility, economic evaluation, cost allocation and benefit share, etc. Since a dam enterpriser has not committed such kind of project before, it is necessary to set up an objective analysis process and a quantitative financial valuation. This study examines the measurable economic benefits and the cost allocation of the project for the fairness between benefit owners (central government and water electricity enterprisers). As a result, the total economic benefit from 3 dams (Imha, Daechung and Youngdam Dam) accounts for 14.41 Billion Won/year. The financial valuation of K-water as a project enterpriser is approximately estimated at 40% of the total value and the government is 60%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.292-297
• /
• 2007

Global warming and climate changes have been major issues for decades andvarious researches have reported their impact on our environment. According to recent researches, increased carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) concentration in the atmosphere is considered as a dominant contributor to global climate changes and thus numerous researches were conducted to control $CO_2$ concentration in the atmosphere. Soil management practices, such as reducing tillage intensity, returning plant residues, and enhancing cropping system have recommended for restoring organic carbon into the soils effectively. However, few studies on soil carbon sequestration have reported for Korean paddy soils. Therefore, evaluation of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in the long-term single rice cropping system is essential in order to find out potential capacity of paddy field as a carbon sink source. The objective of this research was to evaluate SOC dynamics on the long-term single rice cropping system. Research was conducted in the research farm at National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon. Long-term phosphorus and potassium fertilization and lime application didn't significantly affect on SOC compared to controls. We found that SOC contents were increased continually at the long-term composting plots with enhanced rate of carbon storage. In conclusion, continuous incorporation of plant residues (i.e., composting) is recommended to effectively sequester soil carbon for Korean paddy soils. This result implies that continuous composting in a paddy field may contributenot only for increasing SOC in the soils but also for mitigating global warming through reducing carbon dioxide emission into atmosphere. Therefore, we recommend that a strategy or policy measures to encourage farmers to return plant residues continuously for mitigation of global warming as well as soil fertility is being developed.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.591-597
• /
• 2015

In this study, extracts of chlorella using different extraction methods were compared for antioxidant activities and spray-dried chlorella powders were investigated for their physicochemical characteristics. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity of 50% ethanol extract were 29.19%, and 48.91%, respectively. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of the 50% ethanol extract ($150.44{\mu}M/g$) was higher than those of other extracts. The total chlorophyll content of the 50% ethanol extract (542.89 mg/100 g) was higher than those of other extracts. The microencapsulation of the 50% ethanol extract was manufactured by spray-drying with 10 % maltodextrin (SD-C10), 20% maltodextrin (SD-C20), and 30% maltodextrin (SD-C30). The particle size of the freeze-dried powder ($454.47{\mu}m$) was higher than those of the spray-dried powders ($24.15{\sim}32.49{\mu}m$). Scanning electron microscope images showed that the spray-dried chlorella powders using SD-C10, SD-C20, and SD-C30 had an uniform particle distribution. The water absorption index and water solubility index (WSI) of powders were 0.31~0.45, and 96.96~98.28%, respectively. The spray-dried powders showed the stability in total chlorophyll content for 40 days storage. Based on these results, spray-dried chlorella powders could be used in various types of food processes.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.155-159
• /
• 2009

Physicochemical properties of sponge cakes prepared using various amounts of rosemary powder were evaluated. Rosemary powder was used at 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%(w/w). The second-stage specific densities of batter increased from 0.49 to 0.54 as the amount of rosemary powder rose from 0% to 0.7%(w/w). All specific densities were within the normal range. The pH of sponge cake batters increased as rosemary powder proportion rose, with statistical significance(p<0.05). The moisture contents of cake showed no difference on the first day but significantly decreased to 38.5-39.7% after 3 days. The acid values and peroxide values fell as the proportion of rosemary powder increased. With rising rosemary powder level, antioxidative capacity increased but physiological properties were not affected in the range of rosemary powder concentrations used in this study.