• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.122-143
• /
• 2010

The Shilla Stone Monument in Jungseongri was found during the road-construction in Pohang. It has approximately two hundreds of letters inscribed on the surface of one side, and it is estimated to be older than Shilla Stone Monument in Naengsuri which had been known for the oldest stele in Shilla Period. This monument is made of fine to medium-grained biotite granite, while the Shilla Stone Monument in Naengsuri is made of fine-grained granodioritic porphyry bearing feldspar and amphibole phenocrysts. Both rock types of the monuments are interpreted to be cognate with biotite granite in Shinkwangmyeon, and with granodioritic porphyry in Gigyemyeon. They are characterized by xenolith and miarolitic cavity. Damage aspects in both monuments are discoloring, cracking and breaking. These damages do not cause structural instability of the monuments, but attenuate aesthetic value. Black and brown discoloring contaminants on the surface of the Jungseongri Monument contain a high amount of manganese and iron. As a result of ultrasonic test, both monuments were evaluated to be medium-weathered (MW), although the velocity of the Shilla Monument in Jungseongri was slightly lower than the Shilla Monument in Naengsuri. This is because the Monument in Juengseongri had been exposed to outdoor environment for long time until the discovery. It is necessary for Shilla Monuments to be protected by appropriately environmental control and management.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.25
• /
• pp.75-92
• /
• 2004

The conservation treatments of 10-storied pagoda in the temple of Kyoungchunsa is progressed favorably to come to the finish since 1995. Most of all, the important conservation treatments are stone crack, exfoliation and partial form modification. This pagoda has been made up a complicated structure constructed using 142 stones. Therefore, the stone crack and exfoliation have been occurred as very varied forms. Especially, the stylobate of the pagoda has 19 substitution stones of 48 stones, which is40% of modern stone substitution. It is supposed that there is serious weathering on the stones. The other stones, which are no substitution stones, have some kinds of weathering and so we carried out inside replenishment and partial outside reconstruction of crack stones using high molecular resin and substitution stone. The stone of each storey has also partial difference, but the condition of serious weathering on the whole. We can detect general degree through treatment of high molecule resin or distribution research of contaminated material on 10-storied pagoda in the temple of Kyoungchunsa. Especially, we are able to analyze general weathering degree and know details weathering of each storey or direction for the difference of replenishment quantity and different pattern of stone crack degree. Also, the distribution research will accomplish very important parts of examining environment effects and use as research data of cultural heritage conservation field.

• Journal of the Geological Society of Korea
• /
• v.54 no.5
• /
• pp.567-578
• /
• 2018

A nondestructive petrological investigation was carried out to identify the original location and form of the Gyeongju Seated Stone Buddha with Square Pedestals in the Blue House (so-called Stone Buddha in the Blue House). The Statue is a representative stone Buddha statue of Silla (9th century) but its original location is controversial and some parts were missing. Based on the petrological observation, magnetic susceptibility and gamma spectrometry, its stone material was identified as medium-grained alkali feldspar granite. This kind of granites are widely found in the Namsan, Gyeongju. It is very likely that the Namsan granites are the source of rock of the Stone Buddha. The Yudeoksa (Igeosaji temple site) and Namsan are possible to be the original home of the Buddha Statue since there are petrologically identical alkali feldspar granite outcrop distributed in Namsan and stone heritage made of the same stone type in both places. An investigation on the square middle stone base in the Chuncheon National Museum reveals that it is less likely to be the missing part of the Buddha statue as the stone base is fine- to medium-grained pink feldspar granite and has different magnetic susceptibility from the Buddha statue. This study confirmed the contribution and significance of petrological investigation to identification of stone heritage in Korea.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.7-21
• /
• 2008

Three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple site, one of the early staged stone pagodas, has been known as a standard of Silla stone pagodas. A stone pagoda is not only a stone art work and but also a stone architecture. In understanding the stone pagoda it is very important to be approached with technological side in which we can investigate the stone pagoda deeply and as well as to have been approached with art historical view. Also it needs that we should see the stone pagoda in view of structural safety. We can get many high technique from our ancestors who made Gameunsajiseoktap. 1. To reduce any deformation such as relaxation and sinking of members which is caused by a heavy load the members such as the lower tier of the base is made up of the foundation stone and side stone in each, comprising one stone. 2. A special construction method for connection between wall stone and column stone in stereobates was invented. It is to make column stone projected partially and wall stone be caved in that two members should be jointed well. This unique method is not used any longer after the three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple Site. 3. In each side upper and lower member are not engaged as the size of roof stones and support stones of roof stones are different. It can be done for a distribution of perpendicular load and a prevention for relaxation of members. 4. It makes sure that to make upper ends of support stones 10mm lower was to be avoid upper loads to it judging from survey in disassemblying east pagoda. It proves that ancestors who made this stone pagoda had a technique to understand the structural matters to make small members as big as possible, not to engage in joint, to avoid in ends of members from upper load.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.339-350
• /
• 2020

This study attempted to apply a hybrid technology that integrated mineral-based fillers and water-repellent agents to control the efflorescence that results from the use of inorganic binders, for the conservation treatment (surface finishing) of cultural heritage materials made up of stone. Herein, different types of mixing ratios of a filler (silica fume 3.4%) and a water repellent (silane-siloxane 1%) were selected for fabricating the inorganic binder, and it was determined that the ratio selected by weight is effective in controlling efflorescence substances. In addition, it was identified that the inorganic binder with the mixing ratio resulted in a higher compressive strength than the standard (20MPa), and the water permeability resistance was high with low water absorption. The result of ion elution from the bilder showed that a smaller number of ions was observed to affect the efflorescence (directly and indirectly) as compared to that of the control group, which was considered to be relatively stable.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.13 no.1 s.34
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the value of stone fences in Jeju Island. The result that executes attitude survey to local resident and visitor can be summarizing as following. First are the function and the value of Jeju traditional stone fences. Local resident favored the culture heritage succession and evaluated its' usage Value highly. Visitors also have favored rural landscape offer function and evaluated inheritance value (Bequest Value) highly. Secondly, 80.5% of visitors, 78.1% of local resident have formed opinion about preservation of traditional stone fences. But the Willingness to pay for traditional stone fences fund was raised by 38.6% in local resident and 55.7% in visitor. The reason that willingness to pay does not exist is that it is chargeable to connection group and government, or it has no money to pay. Thirdly, local resident wanted to use made up stone fence preservation fund in rural landscape offer function. Visitor wanted that it is used to raise various function of stone fence.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.33
• /
• pp.94-135
• /
• 2000

Rituals for burying the tae(胎) is a unique royal tradition of Korea that lasted from Unified Shilla(統一新羅) Kingdom to Joseon(朝鮮) dynasty. However, all of the currently known taesil(胎室)s are of the royal descendants of Joseon dynasty. Therefore, Taesils made earlier than Joseon dynasty are only known by historical documents. Taesils of the royal descendants of Joseon Dynasty divide into two kinds. One is for those of princes and princesses and the other is for those of Kings. The structure of taesils of princes and princesses is a stone chest(石函) in a pit which dug on the apex of the Taebong(胎峰) containing a pair of Tae(胎)-urn(the inner urn and outer urn), a stone tablet called Jiseok(誌石) which the date of baby's birth and Tae burial is inscribed in. And a tombstone-shaped stone tablet which called Taesilbi(胎室碑) was built on the ground. And the underground structure of Taesils of Kings is identical with that of taesils of princes and princesses, but instead of just an stone tablet, this has a Budo(浮屠);means stupa of a monk in korean)-shaped stone structure on the top of the stone chest, and an octagon-shaped porch was built around it, and a Tapbi(塔碑) was built. This treatise is focused on the current status and change process of stone ornaments. The subject of this treatise is 54 Taesils which were transferred to Seosamnung(西三陵) during the japanese occupation and Tae-urns and Jiseok(誌石)s from any other Taesil and its stone chest were not included in this treatise. Researches on Taesils can be great help to history by providing resources about genealogy of Jaseon royal family and social, economical status of that time. And researches on stone ornaments and tae-urns from Taesils can provide great help to stone art history and porcelain history of Joseon dynasty.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.380-390
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to scientifically analyze the rocks of the Obongsan Mountain in Boseong, Jeollanam-do, which contains the largest extant quarry of Gudlejang (flat stone for heating) in Korea, and to scientifically determine the petrological characteristics of the area and the reasons for its use as a quarry. The rocks in the quarry are composed of light-green lapilli tuff, containing various types of lithic fragments and crystalline fragments in a vitreous matrix consisting of the fine feldspar crystals. The main constituent minerals were identified as quartz, plagioclase, mica, chlorite and opaque minerals. When the major element compositions were plotted on a Na₂O+K₂O versus SiO₂ diagram, all samples were situated in the same compositional area as rhyolite. In addition, the result of magnetic susceptibility measurement also showed a similar range of values, of 1.30 ~ 4.85 (×10^-3 SI), indicating that samples were fractionated from the same magma. Both rock types showed similar apparent specific gravity values of 2.32 ~ 2.60. In particular, plate-shaped joints are well developed in the Obongsan Mountain area, and many areas exhibit talus terrain. In conclusion, the rocks of this area is interpreted to used for a site of Gudlejang quarrying, because the rocks were easily obtainable due to the terrain characteristics, and their petrological properties made them suitable for use as Gudlejang stone.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.36
• /
• pp.227-239
• /
• 2003

Korea and China can find the common feature derived from the mutual cultural exchanges, belonging to the same cultural sphere of the East Asia. It also applies to the stone figures of the palace gardens of both countries. In case of Korea in the stone figures of the palace gardens, there are few of them existing in Kyungbok Palace, Changduk Palace, and Changkyung Palace of the Chosun Dynasty, and most of them were washed away, there are hardly any records remaining and transmitted, and there are hardly any materials of drawings and pictures of them. On the contrary, in case of China, although there are those washed away, there are vast numbers of real objects, and records and materials of them. Therefore, for the study on the stone figures of Korea, the method to analogize the research lacking regarding the stone figures of the palace gardens of Korea from those of China after conducting the comparative study between those existing and those of China, may be available. I consider that although the restoration of the palaces of Chosun Dynasty of Korea had been the restoration project oriented toward the buildings until now, it will be the phase where one should have more interest toward the restoration of the palace gardens in the future, and that the restoration of the palace gardens should be made centered on the landscape architectural structures, deviated from the restoration project attaching weight to the restoration of the trees. Above all, I consider that the interest should be turned to the restoration of the stone figures where the view toward the nature of the Orientals are expressed well. For the restoration of the stone figures in the Changduk and Changkyung Palaces, it is considered that the restoration of the rough locations and shapes is possible based on the Dongkwol Drawings being transmitted, and that the research on the shapes, characters, pedestals, characteristics, etc. of the specific stone figures is possible as far as it is based on the study of the stone figures of the palace gardens of China.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.4-21
• /
• 2016

Until now, most studies regarding stone pagodas of the Honam region have been about stone pagodas with Baekje style because it was the territory of Baekje. However, after reviewing the designated cultural properties, I found that among the 94 stone pagodas in the Honam region there are 15 stone pagodas with Baekje style built in the Goryeo Dynasty and 34 stone pagodas with Silla style. So far, most research efforts have been concentrating on stone pagodas with Baekje style. Through a review of stone pagodas with Silla style, I sought to reveal new aspects of the pagodas in the Honam region. After reviewing the placement of pagodas, I found stone pagodas with Silla style were built mostly in South Jeolla Province during the Unified Silla period. However, in the Goryeo Dynasty stone pagodas with Silla style were erected throughout the Honam region. This shows enhanced Buddhist control over the Honam region than in the previous period. It can be verified especially in Gimje, Jeongeup, Sunchang, Damyang, Yeongam, and Gangjin, where stone pagodas with Baekje style and stone pagodas with Silla style coexist. The types of stone pagodas with Silla style in the Honam region can be divided into two. There are 21 pagodas with two-story foundation, and 12 with single foundation. They seem to have inherited characteristics of the two-story foundation of Silla pagodas. Two pagodas with single foundation were made of a single rock or natural rock for lower foundation. Regarding the body of the pagoda, there are 21 three-story pagodas and 12 five-story pagodas. 25 pagodas have first floors made of a single rock. These are likely to be in the tradition of Silla pagodas. However, the lower part of the roof stones vary as there are three, four, or five-tiered ones. Overall, 12 out of 16 pagodas with middle column in foundation, and 15 out of 21 three-story pagodas are located in South Jeolla Province. This proves that stone pagodas in the South Jeolla Province well maintained the tradition of Silla and became popular.