• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.307-311
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the effects of changes in the intensity of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) on CorticoMuscular Coherence (CMC) during action observation. This paper presents a neurophysiological basis for the effective intensity of FES. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy volunteers were asked to observed a video with FES. The FES was provided with a sensory stimulation level, nerve stimulation level, and motor stimulation level. Simultaneously, an electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sensorimotor cortex and electromyogram (EMG) from the wrist extensor muscle were recorded. The peak CMC and average CMC were analyzed to compare the differences caused by the FES intensity. Results: The peak CMC showed a significant increase in the alpha band during motor stimulation (p<0.05). The average CMC showed a significant increase in the beta band during motor stimulation (p<0.05). Conclusion: The intensity of FES, which causes actual movement, increased the CMC during action observation. These results show that the intensity of the FES can affect the functional connection between the sensorimotor cortex and muscle.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in sympathetic nervous system responses of healthy adult women with changes in stimulus intensity of high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Methods: Twenty-four healthy subjects (women) received high frequency electrical stimulation of the forearm. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups; a low intensity stimulation group (n=12) and a high intensity stimulation group (n=12). The electrode attachment was arranged on the forearm of the dominant arm and the electricity stimulus time was 20 minutes. Measured items included skin conductance, pulse rate, skin temperature, and respiration rate. Each was measured at 4 times. Results: Skin conductance and skin temperature showed significant group by time interactions, though there were no significant group and time effects. There were no significant differences according to time, group effect, and a group by time interaction in pulse and respiration rates. Conclusion: High frequency and high intensity electrical stimulation may be helpful for the improvement of sudomotor function through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Also, high frequency and low intensity electrical stimulation may be helpful for the reduction of sudomotor function via inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.105-117
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• 2021

Purpose : This study examined the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the aerobic exercise capacity of college soccer players. Methods : The subjects of this study were 30 college soccer players. They were divided into a high intensity interval training group combining transcranial direct current stimulation (Group I) and a high intensity interval training group (Group II). Each group had 15 subjects randomly assigned. After receiving general soccer training, each group additionally received high intensity interval training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation and high intensity interval training for 30 minutes 5 times a week for 8 weeks. Their VO₂max and 20 meter shuttle run test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test were analyzed before the intervention. After 8 weeks of intervention, the above items were re-measured and an intergroup analysis was performed. Results : As a result of comparative analysis of VO₂max intake between groups, 20 meter shuttle run test and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, a statistically significant difference was found. The high intensity interval training group (Group I) combined with transcranial direct current stimulation showed a significant difference in aerobic exercise capacity compared to the high intensity interval training group (Group II). Conclusion : These results showed that high intensity interval training group combined with transcranial direct current stimulation was more effective for aerobic exercise. Based on this study, this study proposes an effective program for patients as well as elite athletes. In the future, it is necessary to develop an effective transcranial direct current stimulation program and to study how to apply it for various patients.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential benefits of microcurrent stimulation as a non-invasive therapeutic approach for managing pain and improving the quality of life in women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. Design: A case study. Methods: This study was conducted, involving a cohort of 6 women diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea, aged between 20 to 30 years. Participants were received microcurrent stimulation using low-intensity microcurrents for 30 minutes every day for 4 weeks. The intensity of microcurrent stimulation was 25 μA and the frequency was 8 Hz. The intervention was administered between the menstruations, with pain intensity and quality of life being assessed at baseline, and then at the end of menstrual cycle. Pain intensity was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) and menstrual symptom questionnaire (MSQ), while the quality of life was assessed through the stress response inventory (SRI), state trait anxiety inventory (STAI), center for epidemiologic studies depression (CES-D), and menstrual distress questionnaire (MEDI-Q). Results: After the intervention, participants demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity, as evidenced by improved VAS scores (p<0.05). However, the changes in MSQ scores did not reach statistical significance. Regarding quality of life measures, no statistically significant differences were found in the SRI, STAI, CES-D, and MEDI-Q scores after the intervention (p>0.05). Conclusions: This study suggest that microcurrent stimulation holds promise as a potential treatment option for alleviating pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.521-525
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• 2011

It is known that the low-intensity sound stimulation really affect to grow the cell. The cellular growth mechanism, however, does not been clearly identified even the effect on the low-intensity sound stimulation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of low-intensity sound stimulation on the alveolar UC-MSC proliferation. Before the low-intensity sound stimulation is applied, the UC-MSC are cultured for 24 hours to facilitate their attachments. The cells are divided into two groups. And each was exposed to a medium with or without the low-intensity ultrasound stimulation at 71dB intensity level. The UC-MSC are again divided into three treatment groups of group 1, 2, and 3 and exposed to a frequency at 50Hz, 100Hz, and 1000Hz, respectively. In the results, it is investigated that the growth rates of UC-MSC for the stimulated groups were higher than those of control groups. In 1000Hz frequency, the number of UC-MSC cell is significantly higher than control groups (p>0.05). We would put the hypothesis that the cell growth could be enhanced by an appropriate low-intensity sound stimulation.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.91-96
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to characterize the stimulation intensity in acupuncture manipulation techniques for tonification and sedation therapy. Methods : To describe the level of stimulation used in acupuncture manipulation techniques for tonification and sedation therapy, we reviewed the acupuncture manipulation techniques described in classical medical textbooks. Results : Based on the patients' conditions and pattern identification, acupuncture manipulation strategies for tonification and sedation therapy were chosen. For example, the excess condition was treated with sedative therapy, and the deficiency condition was treated with tonification therapy. For tonification therapy, weak to modest stimulation was applied in acupuncture manipulation techniques, whereas intense stimulation was applied for sedative therapy. Even though the intensity of acupuncture stimulation was chosen based on the clinical examination, deqi sensation is a crucial component of acupuncture treatment, and during acupuncture practice, the practitioner should choose the right intensity of acupuncture stimulation based on deqi response in each patient. Conclusions : We concluded that the tonifying and sedative effects of acupuncture treatment are related to the stimulation intensity of acupuncture manipulation techniques. For individualized medicine, the right amount of acupuncture stimulation should be administered based on the patients' conditions and responses, such as deqi responses.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the intensity of microcurrent stimulation (with currents of 50 ${\mu}A$, 100 ${\mu}A$ and 300 ${\mu}A$ using a pulse frequency of 5 pps) on wound healing in rats. Methods: Sixty male Korean rats were randomly divided into four groups of 15 rats that were subjected to four different treatment protocols (control group, no treatment; experimental groups, treated with currents of 50 ${\mu}A$, 100 ${\mu}A$ or 300 ${\mu}A$). An experimental 20 mm linear wound was made in each animal and all animals in the experimental groups received microcurrent stimulation once a day for 20 minutes until the day of sacrifice on day 1, day 3 and day 6. An optical microscope was used to determine any histological changes. Results: The experimental results were as follows. 1. In an examination with the naked eye, all groups showed similar changes until the first day. However, from the third day, a little intercellular fluid soaked through wound region in the control group rats. In the experimental group animals, little intercellular fluid soaked through wound region, and swelling and redness did not appear, from the third day. 2. In an examination with histological evaluation, more significant changes were observed in all of the experimental group rats than the control group animals. Especially, a stimulation intensity of 50 ${\mu}A$ caused a more significant effect than the use of the other intensities by day 6 of wound healing. In addition, rapid recovery was observed. Conclusion: It was determined that microcurrent stimulation had a positive effect on wound healing. A stimulation intensity of 50 ${\mu}A$ was more effective than the other intensities (100 ${\mu}A$ and 300 ${\mu}A$) utilized for wound healing. Furthermore, low-intensity microcurrent stimulation was more effective for the purpose of wound healing.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.36-50
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high intensity, high frequency microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation(MENS) of auricular and somatic acupuncture points and low intensity, low frequency microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation(MENS) of auricular and somatic acupuncture points on experimental pressure threshold at the elbow according to the time. Fifty healthy adults, aged 19 to 26 years, were assigned randomly to one of five groups: 1) the high intensity, high frequency somatic group(n=10) received MENS to somatic acupuncture points, 2) the high intensity, high frequency auricular group(n=10) received MENS to auricular acupuncture points, 3) the low intensity, low frequency somatic group(n=10) received MENS to somatic acupuncture points, 4) the low intensity, low frequency somatic group(n=10) receive MENS to somatic acupuncture points, and 5) the placebo group(n=10) received placebo treatment and served as controls. Pressure threshold was measured before, after, 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes. Pressure threshold has increased significantly(p<.05) in the high intensity, high frequency auricular group following treatment after 5 minutes, with no statistically significant differences in pressure threshold change scores among five groups, Only the high intensity, high frequency auricular group demonstrated statistically significant change score in pressure threshold following treatment after, 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes after compared to the placebo group. The results indicated that MENS applied to the high intensity, high frequency auricular group increases pressure threshold.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 1998

A considerable change observed in X-ray diffraction during the muscle contraction was that the movement of myosin head and conformational change of contractile monecules were occurred in the muscle contraction. Time slice requires tension peak after the onset of stimulation and the height of tension peak depends on the number of twitch cycle. The intensity of I$_{11}$, I$_{10}$, 143${\AA}$ reflection is measured with 5ms time resolution and is recorded in isometric tension. The peak height of I$_{11}$ and 143${\AA}$ intensity is changed after the onset of a stimulation I$_{i}$, and the length of twitch is shortened by successive twitches in the case of stimulation TI$_{i}$. On the other hand, the peak height of I$_{11}$ and 215${\AA}$ intensity starts to decrease at the 1st twitch and remains constant at low peak hight without appreciable recovery during the contraction term. In the case of uccessive twitch stimulation, the myosin heads of muscle are once moved from their resting position and never returned to their initial position.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.136-142
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• 2013

Purpose: The application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is beneficial for joint movements, inhibition of spasticity, and the improvement of walking ability in patients with chronic hemiplegia. This study aimed to identify the effect of the application of TENS to the knee extensor on the affected side with respect to postural-sway distance and velocity during the sit-to stand movement. Methods: We included 19 patients with post-stroke hemiplegia in this study. They underwent measurements during the sit-to stand movement on a force plate with 5 different stimulation dosages applied over 7 s:No TENS, high-frequency and high intensity TENS, high-frequency and low intensity TENS, low-frequency and high intensity TENS, and low-frequency and low intensity TENS The 5 different condition were administered in random order. Results: The group that received TENS application exhibited a significant decrease in path length and average velocity of center of pressure (COP) displacement compared with the group that did not receive TENS application. TENS dosage at low frequency (3Hz) and high intensity yielded a significant decrease in path length, average velocity, mediolateral distance and anteroposterior distance of COP displacement (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of the application of low-frequency TENS on STS performance. These findings provide useful information on the application of TENS for the reduction of postural sway during the sit-to-stand movement after stroke.