• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.246-259
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• 1995

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of baclofen on the detrusor muscle isolated from rat. Rats (Sprague-Dawley) were sacrificed by decapitation and exsanguination. Horizontal muscle strips of $2mm{\times}15mm$ were prepared for isometric myography in isolated muscle chamber bubbled with 95% / 5%-$O_2$ / $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$, and the pH was maintained at 7.4. Detrusor strips contracted responding to the electrical field stimulation (EFS) by 2 Hz, 20 msec, monophasic square wave of 60 VDC. The initial peak of EFS-Induced contraction was tended to be suppresed by ${\alpha},{\beta}$-methylene-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (mATP), a partial agonist of purinergic receptor, and baclofen, a $GABA_B$ receptor agonist (statistically nonsignificant). The late sustained contraction by EFS was suppressed significantly (p < 0.05) by additions of atropione, a cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist and baclofen. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate-induced contraction was completely abolished by mA TP but not by baclofen. In the presence of atropine, the subsequent addition of acetylcholine could not contract the muscle strips: but the addition of acetylcholine in the presence of baclofen evoked a contraction to a remarkable extent. These results suggest that in the condition of present study, the cholinergic innervation may play a more important role than the purinergic one, and baclofen suppresses the contractility of rat detrusor by the stimulation of the $GABA_B$ receptors to inhibit the release of neurotransmitter from the cholinergic nerve ending.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oocyte maturational age and activation condition on in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos (parthenotes). Porcine follicular oocytes were matured in vitro for 30 to 44 hr. Maturation rate was examined during in vitro maturation (IVM) every 2 hr interval. The cdc2 kinase activity was measured at 36 and 44 hr of IVM. Some oocytes were activated at 36 or 44 hr of IVM by three different conditions; 1) single electric stimulation (1.5 kV/cm for $30{\mu}sec$; ES), 2) double electric stimulations (1.5 kV/cm for $30{\mu}sec$, followed by 1.0 kV/cm for $50{\mu}sec$ after 1 hr; ES+ES) or 3) ES+ES followed by culture in 6-dimethlyaminopurine (6-DMAP) for 4 hr (ES+ES+D), and cultured for 6-7 days. Maturation rate was significantly increased as culture period was increased to 36 hr (66.9%, p<0.05), and then gradually increased to 87.1% at 44 hr of IVM. The cdc2 kinase activity was decreased (p<0.05) with culture period prolonged from 36 hr to 44 hr. Lower blastocyst formation rate (4.3%, p<0.05) were obtained by ES in 36 hr-matured oocytes compared to other treatments (16.5 and 20.5%) in the same age and the same treatment in 44 hr-matured oocytes (15.0%). High blastocyst formation rate (23.6%) was obtained by ES+ES+D in 44 hr-matured oocytes (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that porcine oocyte activation and in vitro development of parthenotes can be affected by interactions between oocyte maturational age and activation condition.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.18-18
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• 2001

Despite of importance of integrated events of nucleus and microtubule remodeling in nuclear transferred embryos with somatic cells, little information is available on this subject. In this study we configured chromatin and microtubule organization following somatic cell nuclear transfer in pre- and non-activated bovine oocytes in order to clearify nuclear remodeling process and to demonstrate centrosome inheritance during nuclear transfer. The cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected from slaughterhouse and were matured in vitro for 20 h in TCM 199 supplemented hormone. Matured bovine oocytes were enucleated by aspirating the frist polar body and metaphase chromatin using a beveled pipette. Bovine fibroblast cells were fused into enucleated oocyte by electrical stimulation. Reconstructed oocytes were activated with ionomycine and 6-dimethylaminopurin, and then cultured in CRlaa medium. The organization of nuclear and microtubules were observed using laser-scanning confocal microscopy. At 1 hour after fusion, microtubule aster was seen near the transferred nucleus in most oocytes regardless activation condition. While most of fibroblast nuclei remodeled to premature chromosome condensation (PCC) and to the two masses of chromosome in non-activated oocytes, a few number of fibloblasts went to PCC and multiple pronuclear like structures in activated oocytes. Microtubular spindle was seen around condensed chromosome. Gamma-tubulin was detected in the vicinity of condensed chromosome, suggesting this is a transient spindle. The spindle seperated nucleus into two masses of chromatin which developed to the pronuclear like structures. Two pronuclear like structures were than apposed by microtubular aster and formed one syngamy like nuclear structure at 15 h following nuclear transfer. At 17 to 18 h after fusion, two centrosomes were seen near the nucleus, which nucleates micrtubules for two cell cleavage. While 31% of reconstructed oocytes in non-activated condition developed to morulae and blastocysts, a few reconstructed oocytes in pre-activated condition developed to the blastocyst. These results suggested introduction of foreign centrosome during nuclear transfer, which appeared to give an important role for somatic cell nuclear reprogramming.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.20-36
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• 2004

After studying the theory of JangBu(臟腑), that is a physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, in Sasang Constitutional Medicine, the author could draw a conclusion as these. 1. The basic thought of Sasang Constitutional Medicine is emphatic on the human beings itself unlike the idea of traditional Oriental Medicine, that accentuate the universe.(The traditional Oriental Medicine has a concept that the human beings follows the order of universe, but Sasang Constitutional Medicine has a different idea that human beings has the free will to the universe and newly comprehend the relationships between human beings and universe.) 2. Like the preceding, the theory of JangBu(臟腑), the physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, is based on the autonomic mechanisms of human body itself. 3. The medical philosophy of Sasang Constitutional Medicine is Sasang(四象), that is Sa(事), Sim(心), Sin(身) and Mul(物). This Sasang is a classification of universe include human beings.(Sa(事) is event, Sim(心) is mind, Sin(身) is body, and Mul(物) is things. these four elements express the universe and human.) 4. The JangBu(臟腑) theory of Sasang Constitutional Medicine regard mind condition as important. The mind condition is divided into two factors. The one is Seong(性) the other is Jeong(情). The Seong(性) is an attitude toward the world, and the Jeong(情) is response to the stimulation from the world. 5. By the actions of Seong(性) and Jeong(情), the human body has different JangBu(臟腑) function, so the human body can be grouped in four constitutions. 6. Because of emphasis on mind condition, the Sasang JangBu(臟腑) theory has activism of human beings itself. 7. This activismor practical philosophy of Sasang JangBu(臟腑) theory, that is a physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, gave birth to ethics or morality in Medical philosophy, that the human practice of ethics or morality bring a health and well being of human body.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.134-142
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• 2012

Purpose: This study examined the effect on postural control during the stimulation of haptic touch with fingertip on the stable surface at quiet standing posture, squat flexion stage, 60 degrees squat stage and squat extension stage. Methods: The postural sway was measured on the force platform, while 30 subjects were squatting, under three different haptic touch conditions (No Touch [NT], Light Touch [LT], Heavy Touch [HT]), above the touch pad in front of their body midline. Three different haptic touch conditions were divided into 1) NT condition; squatting as right index fingers held above the touch pad, 2) LT condition (<1N); squatting as the touch pad was in contact with right index fingers pulp with a pressure not exceeding 1N and 3) HT condition; squatting as subjects were allowed to use the touch pad for mechanical support by transmitting onto it with as much force, choosing with their index fingers. Results: There was significant decrease in LT, rather than that of NT (p<0.01), and in HT, rather than that of LT (p<0.01), as the results of the distance and velocity of center of pressure (COP) in mediolateral direction at quiet standing position. In anteroposterior direction, the distance and velocity of COP in LT and HT showed significant decrease, when compared to that of the data of NT (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the 3 conditions (NT, LT, and HT), with respect to the distance and velocity of COP in mediolateral direction, during dynamic balance (squat flexion stage, squat extension stage) (p>0.05). In anteroposterior direction, the results of the distance and velocity of COP in HT showed significant decrease when compared to that of the data of NT (p<0.05). Conclusion: Light touch, during the task, decreased the postural sway at static balance. The results suggest that haptic touch should be applied, appropriately, because it varies the effects according to different conditions.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.296-301
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• 2015

Explant culture condition of dorsal root ganglion have been used to investigate the pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury, while applying for the various clinical symptom such as trauma, pressure, and stretch. However, explant culture is usually contaminated by mitotic cells, which may observed as a newly divided cells including fibroblast or glia. The mitotic cells could be able to interrupt and change the cell signaling that make it difficult to avoid detrimental effects during the experiments. To eliminate mitotic cells, anti-mitotic reagents like mixture of uridine and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine or cytosine arabinoside were added to the cultures on the following day, but there is no research that investigate viability of anti-mitotic reagent in dorsal root ganglion explant culture. In this study, we investigate inhibition effect of cytosine arabinoside to mitotic cells in dorsal root ganglion explant culture. Also we visualized and analyzed anti-mitotic effect and toxicity of cytosine arabinoside in various concentration condition. This dorsal root ganglion explant culture condition can be applied to research that effect and mechanism of various stimulation and chemical application which affect peripheral nerve regeneration.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2014

Early sexual maturation through temperature stimulation was induced in female and male of yezo scallop. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) in female showed $9.12{\pm}2.9$ in January, $14.89{\pm}2.9$ in February and $21.3{\pm}1.4$ in March in experiment I. GSI in experiment I showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) and in experiments II and III were not show significant variations (P > 0.05). It also showed significant between the control and the experiments I, II, and III in February (P < 0.05) measurements. Experiment I has showed good results in sexual maturation and spawning when compared with other experiments II and III and the control. Histological observation showed that ovary condition was in a growing stage in all the experiments I, II, and III. In February, ovary condition through histological observation was a late mature stage in all the experiments I, II, and III except the control of a growing stage. GSI and gonad weight were $4.4{\pm}0.88$ and 2.8 g, respectively in November whereas it was $15.1{\pm}2.8$, and 11.7 g, respectively in January and $21.7{\pm}5.4$, and 19.4 g, respectively in February after rearing at a water bath of $12^{\circ}C$ depending on the condition of experiment I. It was possible early releasing of eggs and sperms of yezo scallop in February instead of the middle of April to the end of May being spawning period. Fertilized eggs have become a gastrula stage through a spiral cleavage and then become a trochophore larvae after 36 hours. After 10 days, D-shaped larvae have changed into an umbo stage larvae and attached to juveniles in the post larvae after 20-23 days.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2016

Background: It is not clear whether ginseng affects cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced desirable immunosuppressive action. In this study, we evaluated the immunological influence of combined treatment of ginseng with CsA. Methods: Using CD4+ T cells from mouse spleens stimulated with the T cell receptor (TCR) or allogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we examined the differentiation of naïve T cells into T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and their cytokine production during treatment by Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) and/or CsA. The influence of KRGE on the allogeneic T cell response was evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). We also evaluated whether signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 are implicated in this regulation. Results: Under TCR stimulation, KRGE treatment did not affect the population of CD4+interferon gamma ($IFN{\gamma}$)+ and CD4+interleukin (IL)-4+ cells and their cytokine production compared with CsA alone. Under the Th17-polarizing condition, KRGE significantly reduced the number of CD4+IL-17+ cells and CD4+/phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3)+ cells, but increased the number of CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+ cells and CD4+/p-STAT5+ cells compared with CsA alone. In allogeneic APCs-stimulated CD4+ T cells, KRGE significantly decreased total allogeneic T cell proliferation. Consistent with the effects of TCR stimulation, KRGE reduced the number of CD4+IL-17+ cells and increased the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells under the Th17-polarizing condition. Conclusion: KRGE has immunological benefits through the reciprocal regulation of Th17 and Treg cells during CsA-induced immunosuppression.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of electric stimulation conditions on in vitro developmental ability of procine embryos after somatic cell nuclear transfer, The porcine ear cell was cultured in vifro for confluency in serum-starvation condition (TCM-199＋0.5% FBS) for cell confluency. The zona pellucida of IVM oocytes were partially drilled using laser system. Single somatic cell was individually transferred into the enucleated oocyte. The reconstructed embryos were electrically fused with 0.3M mannitol. After electric fusion, the embryos were activated and cultured in NCSU-23 medium containing 10% FBS at 39$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ in air for 6 to 8 days. Nuclear transferred(NT) oocytes which fused at a field strength of 1.90kv/cm showed a higher (P<0.05) fusion rate(49.5%, 50/101) compared to 2.10 kv/cm(25.8%, 24/93) or 2.50kv/cm(30.3%, 27/89). After electric activation, the cleavage rate of NT embryos was 48.0(24/50), 66.6(16/24) and 70.3% (19/27), respectively and these were not different. There was no significant difference in fusion rate by duration and pulse of electric stimulation. In cleavage rate, however, more NT embryos(76.3%, 45/59) cleaved at 60 $\mu$sec twice than other embryos(49.1 to 56.5%) with different conditions of electric stimulation(P<0.05). NT embryos activated at a field strength of 1.50kv/cm showed a higher developmental rate(9.8%, 5/51) than those embryos activated at 1.25kv/cm(0%) or parthenotes(6.4%, 7/109). These results suggest that some factors such as field strength, duration and pulse of electric stimulation could be affected to in vitro developmental ability of nuclear transplanted porcine embryos.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Self-foot reflexology (SFR) on the hypertension of workers. The purpose of the research was to evaluate: levels of knowledge, physical and emotional condition, work stress and fatigue on the hypertension of employees in the workplace. Quasi-experimental study was designed in the setting of a nonequivalent control and experimental Group applied by the pre and post test. The total subjects undertaken in the study were total of 34 employees working in three companies in Seoul. The SFR program was consisted of 6 phases. There were 2 minutes for preparation, 4 minutes for slow down, 26 minutes for base reflex, symptoms of a disease reflex and excretion reflex stimulation. Finally, there was 20 minutes relaxation in a comfortable posture and drinking hot water after blood pressure was checked in the order. This program was running 55 minutes a day everyday three times a week during the entire 8 week course. The finding showed blood pressure was reduced significantly. Moreover, the level of total cholesterol. high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, depression, work stress, and fatigue were decreased in the study. But, they were not statistically significant except as it related to Group comparisons in time. The level of state anxiety was statistically significant between 2 Groups, but not in the time comparison of both Groups. As a summary of the study results, the SFR program was regarded as contributing to the physical and emotional promotion of employees. It had partially increased body circulations of functional organ related to the SFR sites. And, it improved relaxation of physical and mental condition through energy movement 'Chi'. Therefore, the SFR technique should be considered as an effective skill of a nursing program. Furthermore, it can be newly adopted as a nursing curriculum as a part of alternative treatment. However, it still needed to testify its effects through the review study.