• 대한교통학회지
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.570-579
• /
• 2016

Stepwise 환승계수(이하 STC)는 환승회수 증가에 따라 환승비용을 실제보다 많게 인식하도록 한다. 통행시간과 최소환승회수 정보를 제공하는 것은 이러한 경향을 감안하는 취지이다. STC가 포함된 경로탐색문제는 비가산성비용을 포함하며 최적조건의 비성립으로 경로열거가 요구된다. 따라서 대중교통망에서 STC를 고려하는 경로탐색에 대한 이론적 검토를 통해서 경로탐색의 실패를 우회하는 방안이 요구된다. 본 연구는 STC가 포함되는 대중교통망에서 확률적 통행배정모형에 대하여 검토한다. 비가산성 경로문제를 완화하는 방안으로 유입링크기반 전체경로삭제기법을 활용하는 방안을 제안한다. 전체경로삭제기법은 출발지에서 도착지까지 서로 상이한 경로의 구성된 가능경로집합을 구축하기 용이하다. STC를 반영한 경로기반 Logit 모형을 대중교통통행배정기법으로 구축한다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.36-46
• /
• 2016

수도권 도시철도 환승역에서 노선 간에 이동하는 환승통행량을 추정하기 위한 별도의 교통카드 단말기가 존재하지 않는다. 본 연구는 환승역을 이동하는 승객의 통행이동을 추정하는 모형을 제안하여 환승통행의 특성을 파악하는 방안을 구축한다. 모형의 가정은 승객은 일반화비용을 최소로 하는 통행경로를 선정하는 행태를 통하여 환승역을 경유하도록 구축되었다. 또한 수도권 도시철도의 특성을 반영하는 두 가지 방안을 강구하였다. 이는 도시철도의 경우 출발역과 도착역을 연결하는 유사한 경로가 존재하며 승객은 환승회수가 증가하면서 추가적인 통행비용으로 인식한다는 것이다. 이를 위해 유사한 경로를 탐색하는 방안인 M-유사경로탐색기법을 적용하였으며 계단형 환승계수를 도입하는 방안을 강구하였다. 수도권 도시철도의 2가지 사례를 통하여 환승통행량을 분석하는 방안을 제시하였다. 신도림역 20개 방향별 통행현상을 재현하였다. 수도권 도시철도 33개 환승역사를 대상으로 방향별 통행총량(A), 노선간 환승총량(B), B/A에 대한 비율을 파악하여 통행기능을 파악하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.406-410
• /
• 1991

Second order rate constants have been measured spectrophotometrically for reactions of 4-nitrophenyl substituted benzoates with various aryloxides and aryl benzoates with p-chlorophenoxide. The reactivity has exhibited significant dependences on the electronic nature of the substituent in the acyl moiety of the substrate and in the nucleophilic phenoxide, while the substituent in the leaving phenoxide has little influenced the reactivity. The Bronsted coefficient $\beta$ values so obtiained support that the present acyl transfer reaction proceeds via a stepwise mechanism in which the nucleophilic attack would be the rate-determining step. Interestingly, the magnitude of the $\betaacyl$ and $\beta$ nuc increases with increasing reactivity, implying that the reactivity selectivity principle is not operative in the present system. The failure of the reactivity selectivity principle is attributed to a change in transition state structure upon the substituent variation in the present acyl transfer reaction.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.307-316
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the levels of relocation stress syndrome (RSS) and influencing the stress experienced by Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients just after transfer to general wards. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 257 patients who transferred from the intensive care unit. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires from May to October, 2009. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and stepwise multiple linear regression with SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: The mean score for RSS was $17.80{\pm}9.16$. The factors predicting relocation stress syndrome were symptom experience, differences in scope and quality of care provided by ICU and ward nursing staffs, satisfaction with transfer process, length of stay in ICU and economic status, and these factors explained 40% of relocation stress syndrome (F=31.61, p<.001). Conclusion: By understanding the stress experienced by ICU patients, nurses are better able to provide psychological support and thus more holistic care to critically ill patients. Further research is needed to consider the impact of relocation stress syndrome on patients' health outcomes in the recovery trajectory.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.781-790
• /
• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a model of an elderly health promotion center after witnessing the effect of a social support program on dependent variables in older adults at a local community health center. Method: The subjects were 60 female adults over 65 years dwelling in a rural area, and they were divided into experimental and control groups each with 30 people. A social support program was implemented 6 hours a day, 3 times a week, for 4 months in the experimental group. Included was health assessment, health education, counseling, consultation, exercise, physical & occupational therapy, primary care, recreation, lunch & transfer service. Data was collected from May 1stto September 14th, 2002 by questionnaires, and analyzed by $x^2$-test, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression using SAS. Result: The social support program in the elderly was very effective on all dependent variables of physical health (t=4.68, p=.001), health knowledge (t=3.60, p=.001), life satisfaction (t=8.65, p=.001), and health promoting behaviors (t=5.23, p=.001). Conclusion: The Social Support Program at a Community Health Center was effective on health promoting behaviors in the elderly.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.64-73
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to find any correlations among Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Tone Assessment Scale (TAS), Motor Assessment Scale-Gait (MAS-G), Fugl Meyer-Balance (FM-B), and to predict MBI from subscales of the PASS. The subjects were 41 stroke patients of the Korea National Rehabilitation Center in Seoul. The main outcome measures were postural control (PASS), gait (MAS-G), Balance (FM-B), Tone (TAS), ADL (MBI). The data was analyzed using the Pearson product correlation. PASS scale was used between other clinical and instrumental indexes, multiple stepwise regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for ADL incline, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to identify internal consistency on PASS scale. The results of this study areas follows: 1. The highest level was sitting without support, the lowest level was standing on paretic leg on PASS scale. The highest level was chair/bed transfer, the lowest level was bathing on MBI. 2. All items of the PASS, except postural tone were significantly correlated with Gait, Balance, MBI (p<.01), 3. The Internal Consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient=.85) was very high, indicating that the PASS is homogeneous and is likely to produce consistent response. Furthermore, the sums of maintaining position items and of changing-position items were strongly correlated (r=.64, p<.05) and there were significant correlations between sums of PASS, sums of maintaining position items (r=.87, p<.01), and changing-position items (r=.93, p<.01). 4. The standing without support of the PASS items was the strongest variance ($R^2$=.85) of the predicting ADL function. These findings provide strong evidence of the predictive value of the postural control on gait, Balance, ADL function in stroke patients and to can provide a reference for the successful therapeutic program and more improved functional recovery.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제31권8호
• /
• pp.603-610
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 휘발성유기화합물질의 분해능력을 가진 yeast인 Candida tropicalis를 이용하여, 대표적인 휘발성 유기화합물질인 톨루엔과 MEK의 제거효율을 향상시키기 위하여 수행되었다. 반응기는 가스상으로 유입되는 톨루엔과 MEK의 물질전달 능력을 향상시키기 위하여 airlift loop 형태로 선택하였고, yeast 미생물의 효과적인 포괄고정화를 위해 분말활성탄(PAC)과 알지네이트(Alginate), PEG로 고분자 담체를 형성하였다. Airlift loop bioreactor의 물질전달성능을 평가하기 위한 실험을 수행하였으며, 기체체류시간 15초에서 담체를 첨가하지 않은 액상의 톨루엔 물질전달계수($K_La$) 값이 1.29 $min^{-1}$이었으나, 고분자 담체를 첨가한 경우 톨루엔의 $K_La$는 4.07 $min^{-1}$로 증가하였다. 따라서 고분자담체를 적용하는 것이 기상으로 유입되는 휘발성유기화합물의 물질전달을 향상시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 airlift loop bioreactor와 yeast 포괄고정 담체를 적용하여 체류시간을 60초, 30초, 15초에서 유입부하에 변화를 주며 실험을 진행한 결과, 톨루엔 5, 10, 19, 37 g/$m^3$/hr, MEK 4.5, 8.9, 17.8, 35.1 g/$m^3$/hr의 유입부하 변화에도 전체 80% 이상의 안정적인 처리효율을 나타내었다. 또한 airlift loop bioreactor의 분해능을 확인하기 위하여 유입부하를 단기간 변화시켜 주며 실험한 결과, 톨루엔과 MEK의 최대분해능은 각각 70.4 g/$m^3$/hr, 56.4 g/$m^3$/hr로 확인되었다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.440-452
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for use in development of strategy for healthy aging preparation and successful transfer to old age by identifying factors influencing quality of life of the baby boom generation. Methods: The data were collected from a total of 205 members of the baby boom generation(aged 48 to 56), and analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression using the SPSS(Version19.0) program. Results: Burden for taking care of children, aging anxiety, preparations for old age, and quality of life according to the general characteristics and health-related characteristics commonly showed a significant difference in education level and presence of stress. The greater the more burden for taking care of children and the deeper the aging anxiety, the lower the quality of life, and the better prepared for aging, the higher the quality of life. Factors affecting quality of life in the baby boom generation included preparations for old age, burden for taking care of children, monthly household income, and quality of sleep. Explanatory power was 32%. Conclusion: For successful transition to old age and for improvement of quality of life in the baby boom generation, a comprehensive approach in micro and macro dimensions will be sought.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 1989

0.5M $NaClO_4$ 수용액중의 수은전극에서 바나듐-디에틸렌트리아민펜타아세트산(DTPA)염의 전기화학적 환원 및 평형을 온도 25$^{\circ}C$와 3.2 < pH < 10.5 에 걸쳐서 연구하였다. 바나듐(III)-DTPA착물은 모든 pH에 걸쳐서 V${\cdot}A^{3-}$-(A=DTPA)로서 존재하고 EDTA같은 다른 디아민카르복시산과의 착물들과 달리 수소첨가가 일어나지 않고 $OH^-$도 배위되지 않으며 가역적으로 바나듐(II)-DTPA착물로 환원된다. 3.2 < pH < 5.9에서는 전극반응이 $V{\cdot}A^{2-}+H^++e^-=V{\cdot}HA^{2-}$와 같이 진행하며 $V{\cdot}HA^{3-}$ 의 안정도상수는 $3.09{\times}10^{14}$과 같이 구하여졌다. $VO^{2+}$이온의 경우 pH적정결과 착화반응은 $VO^{2+}+H_2A^{3-}=VO{\cdot}HA^{2+}H^{+}$ 및 $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}=VO{\cdot}A^{3+}+H$ 와 같이 2단계에 걸쳐서 진행되며, $VO{\cdot}HA{2-}$의 산해리상수는 pKa=7.15이다. $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}$와 $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}$ 의 안정도상수는 각각 $1.41{\times}10^{14}$ 및 $3.80{\times}10^{17}$과 같이 구하여졌다. 바나듐(IV)-DTPA착물은 비가역적으로 바나듐(III)-DTPA착물로 환원되며 이때 전이상수 ${\alpha}$=0.43이다. 더 큰 음의 과전압에서는 2단계에 걸쳐서 환원된다. 이 때 첫째 단계의 환원은 3.2 < pH < 10.5에서 $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}+e{\to}VO{\cdot}A^4$인 것으로 판단되었다. 두번째 단계의 환원은 V(III)의 환원과 같다. $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}$ 와 $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}$의 확산계수로서 각각 $(9.0{\pm}0.4){\times}10^{-6}cm^2/s$ 및 $(5.9{\pm}0.4){\times}10^{-6}cm^2/s$ 을 구하였다.