• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.91-103
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• 1991

지리산국립공원의 등산로 및 야영장의 훼손과 등산로 주연부의 식생구조 변화에 대한 이용영향을 파악하기 위해 1991년에 조사를 실시하였다. 등산로폭, 나지노출폭 및 최대 깊이는 이용강도에 따른 차이가 인정되었고 총 32km의 132개 조사지정에서, 관찰된 훼손형태는 다양하였으며 훼손된 지점의 등산로상태 중 해발고, 등산로폭 및 최대깊이는 건전한 지점의 상태와 유의한 차이를 보였다. 능선부 등산로에서는 훼손이 심화되고 있었으며 인위적인 복구공법이 필요한 환경피해도 4등급 이상인 면적이 약 34,000$m^2$에 달하고, 야영장에서도 이용압력과 훼손현상은 증가되고 있었다. 등산로 주연부의 상층수관에 있어서 우점수종은 해발이 높아짐에 따라 화엄사등산로에서는 개서어나무$\longrightarrow$졸참나무, 서어나무$\longrightarrow$신갈나무, 서어나무로, 피아골등산로에서 졸참나무$\longrightarrow$신갈나무로 바뀌고 있었으며 조록싸리, 노린재나무, 바위말발도리, 병꽃나무가 화엄사등산로에서, 조록싸리, 노린재나무, 국수나무, 철쭉이 피아골등산로에서 높은 상대우점치를 나타내었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.13-31
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to offer the basic data for the restoration and conservation of forest wetland by surveying systematically the vascular plants of Sandeul wetland in Mt. Jaeyak, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The vascular plants in this wetland were recorded as 232 taxa; 74 families, 178 genera, 200 species, 27 varieties and 5 forma. The major communities were Quercus mongolica, Tripterygium regelii, Alnus japonica, Molinia japonica, Salix gracilistyla and Stephanandra incisa. The numbers of plant species by routes were 168 taxa in A-route, 126 taxa in B and 132 taxa in C. The ecological problems in Sandeul wetland were the afforestation of Pinus koraiensis and P. thunbergii, the appearance of naturalized plants, the invasion of species and the scour of valley. The Korean endemic plants were 5 taxa; Salix hallaisanensis, Hepatica insularia; Chrysosplenium barbatum, Ajuga spectabilis and Weigela subsessilis. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa; Aristolochia manshuriensis, Chrysanthemum lineare and Iris ensata var, spontanea. The naturalized plants were 8 taxa; Rumex acetocella, R. crispus, Trifolium repens, Oenothera lamarckiana, Ambrosia artemisifolia var. elatior, Helianthus tuberosus, Erigeron annuus and Phleuum pratense.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.81-94
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• 1989

가야산국립공원 등산로 및 야영장의 훼손과 주변 자연환경에 대한 이용영향을 파악하기 위해 1989년에 조사를 실시하였다. 등산로폭, 나지노출폭 및 최대 깊이는 이용강도에 따른 차이가 인정되었고, 전체 51개 조사지 점에서 관찰된 훼손형태는 매우 다양하였으며, 훼손된 지점의 등간로 상태중 최대깊이와 등산로물매는 건전한 지점의 상태와 유의한 차이를 보였다. 등산로주변 토양 및 식생인자의 변화경향을 이용영향의 형태에 따라 구분하여 파악할 수 있었고 등산로주변부에 미치는 이용영향은 약 15m에 이르는 것으로 생각된다. 야영장의 훼손은 심각하여 피해도 5등급의 비율이 약 36%이었고 3등급이상인 지역도 약 69%에 달하였다. 야영장에서의 이용활동이 수목의 직경생장을 크게 저해하는 것으로 나타났으며. 종구성의 이질화를 극심하게 진행시키고 있었다. 야영장의 이용강도의 차이나 이용영향의 범위를 파악하는데 적합한 토양 및 식생인자들을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이용간섭의 영향범위는 약 50m이었다. 야영행위에 대한 내성수종은 물푸레나무, 개옻나무, 노린재나무, 국수나무 등이었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권5_3호
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• pp.633-648
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• 1998

The forest vegetation of Mt. Nam Nature Park was investigated according to the phytosociological method. The vegetation in this study area was classified into 5 communities Quercus mongolica (Acer pseudo-sieboldianum subcommunity, Prunus sargentii subcommunity), P. sargentii, Pinus densiflora (Q. mongolica subcommunity, Stephanandra incisa subcommunity) and 5 afforestations Robinia pseudo-acacia, Populus tomentoglandulosa, P. koraiensis, P. rigida, Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Generally, were P. densiflora forest at the Southern slope and Q. mongolica forest at Northern slope dominant species from the top zone standing in Namsan tower. The dominance sequences on each stratum determined by the R-NCD (Relative net Contribution Degree) showed Q. mongolica and P. densiflora in tree-1 layer, Styrax japonica and Corbus alnifolia in tree-2 layer, S. incisa, S. japonica and rhododendron schlipenbachii in shrub layer, and Oplismenus undulatifolius, Eupatorium rugosum, Parthenocissus tricuspidata and Disporum smilacinum in herb layer. The soil was analyzed to investigate the soil conditions and fertility. The pHs of soil collected in each sites appeared strongly acidic with the range of 4.34 to 5.01 each community and especially, was the lowest value 4.34 in P. rigida afforestation. And Q. mongolica-P. sargentii subcommunity was distributed at the area with relative mesic conditions and high organic matters. Nitrogen was highest at P. sargentii community, phosphate at P. densiflora-S. incisa subcommunity, calcium, potasium and magnesium of exchangeble cation at R. pseudo-acacia afforestation. Especially, the level of calcium in R. pseudo-acacia afforestation, P. koraiensis afforestation and P. densiflora community was shown the highest (0.38-1.48 mg/100g) compared to other communities, because of the influence of lime fertilization used to improve acidic soil.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2007

To certify predictability for the times of phenological stages from cumulative air temperature in springtime, the first times of budding, leafing, flower budding, flowering and deflowering for 14 woody plants were monitored and air temperature was measured from 2005 to 2006 at Namsan. Year day index (YDI) and Nuttonson's Index (Tn) were calculated from daily mean air temperature. Of the 14 woody species, mean coefficient of variation was 0.04 in Robinia pseudo-acacia and 0.09 in Alnus hirsuta. However, mean coefficient of variation was 0.30 in Forsythia koreana and Stephanandra incisa and 0.32 in Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Therefore, the times of each phenological stage could be predicted in the former two species but not in latter three species by two indices. Of the five phenological stages, mean coefficient of variation was the smallest at deflowering time and the largest at budding time. In five phenological stages, mean coefficient of variation of YDI was in the range of $0.11{\sim}0.21$ but that of Tn was in the range of $0.15{\sim}0.26$. Therefore, the former was a better index than the latter. Of the species-phenological stage pair, coefficient of variation of YDI was 0.01 in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum - flower budding and below 0.05 in 11 pairs, whereas the YDIs over 0.40 were 4 pairs comprising of Prunus leveilleana - budding (0.51). Coefficient of variation of Tn was 0.01 in A. hirsuta - budding and below 0.05 in 8 pairs. The Tns over 0.40 were 5 pairs comprising of F. koreana - flower budding (0.66).

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.27-42
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• 1986

The vegetation structure in the Hoo - Won, Changduk Palace in Seoul was analysed on 10 sites sampled for understanding structure of natural vegetation. The main vegetational survey was conducted during July, 1985 and actual vegetaion and degree of natural vegetaion types were surveyed additionally. The result summarized of this research are as follows. 1) The physical - chemical conditions of soil showed middle class. This might be derived by short succession period from Pine forest to decidious broadleaf forest and artificial impact by human intervention. 2) When considering dominance species by crown story, Quercus aliena was a dominant species over all site and Castanea crenata, Prunus sargentii and Quercus variabilis appeared as a dominant species locally at upper story. Styrax story and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Styrax japonica, Stephanandra incisa and Lespedeza spp. at lower story. 3) The distances kept by trees per crown story are as follows. The mean distances between trees were 4.5-5.5m at upper story, 2.8-3.3m at middle story. On the other hand, the mean distances between dominant species were 6-8m at upper story, 5-9m at middle story. 4) The vegetation in this area was not developed yet into dominant species community according to the similarity analysis. The natural vegetation was dominated by Quercus spp. especially Quercus aliena according to the analysis of species diversity, relative dominance by story and DBH class. On the orther hand, succession to climax stage dominated by shade tolerent species will take a long time due to little appearance of shade tolerence species by previous heavy artificial impacts on understory species. 5) Quercus forest took possesion of 71.3%(27.37ha) of total forest area when considering the actual vegetation and especially Quercus aliena community covered 53.2%(15.21ha). Carpinus laxiflora community, one of the climax species in temperate zone, took possesion of 1.0%(0.3ha) and Pine densiflora was almost disappeared due to species competition. 6) According to the degree of natural vegetation types, the possession of degree of 6-9 was 60.6% and degree of 7-8, substitute vegetation, was 15.5%. The possesion of degree of 9 which consists of over 50 years old trees simliar to natural vegetaion was the highest, 43.1% in this area. Therefore continuous protection in this area of degree of 9 should be recommended.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제74권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 1986

금오산도립공원(金烏山道立公園) 야영지(野營場)에서 이용객(利用客)에 의한 토양(土壤) 및 식생(植生)에 대한 영향을 밝히기 위하여, 극심피해지(極甚被害地)며, 중간피해지(中間被害地), 무피해지(無被害地)에 조사구(調査區)을 설정하고 조사분석하였다. 토양내(土壤內)의 양료(養料) 중 전질소 유효인산 Ca이온 함량(含量)은 이용도(利用度)가 높을수록 크게 감소(滅少)하였다. 낙엽층(落葉層) 및 초본층(草本層)의 면적은 이용밀도(利用密도)가 높을수록 현저하게 감소(減少)되어 극심피해지(極甚被害地)는 나지(裸地)의 면적이 73 %에 달하였다. 토양경도(土壤硬度)는 무피해지(無被害地)가 $1.76kg/cm^2$인 반면 극심피해지(極甚被害地)는 $38.9kg/cm^2$로서 초본류(草本類)가 회복할 수 없는 수준(水準)이었다. 식생조사(植生調査)에서 방형구(方形區)내의 피도(被度) 밀도(密度)는 이용밀도(利用密도)가 높을수록 감소(減少)하였는데, 특히 하층(下層)에서 이러한 경향(傾向)이 뚜렷하였다. 인간간섭(人間干涉)에 의한 답압(踏壓)에 대하여 내성(耐性)이 높은 수종은 갈참나무, 산초나무, 칡, 세모래덩굴, 청미래덩굴이었으며, 내성(耐性)이 낮은 낮은 수종은 단풍나무, 국수나무, 개옻나무, 산딸기, 담쟁이덩굴이었다. 식생구조(植生構造) 분석(分析)결과 이용밀도(利用密도)가 높을수록 식생구조(植生構造)가 단순화(單純化)하여져 종다양성(種多樣性)이 감소(減少)되었다. 조사지간(調査地間) 유사도지수(類似度指數)에 의하면 극심피해지(極甚被害地)와 무피해지간(無被害地間)에는 25.38 %의 낮은 수준(水準)으로 종구성(種構成)이 매우 이질적(異質的)인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.819-827
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• 2011

최근 범지구적 문제가 되고 있는 지구온난화와 이로 인한 서식처의 환경변화는 고위도 지방의 식물이나 고산식물의 생존에 중대한 문제가 되고 있다. 본 연구는 강원도 태백산맥 고산지대에 분포하는 환경부지정 멸종위기종인 한계령풀 10개 집단에 대해 서식지와 분포 특성을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 한계령풀은 고도 940m~1,350m 의 범위에 분포하였으며, 이는 온도기후적으로 온량지수 (WI) $53^{\circ}C{\cdot}month{\sim}WI\;75^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$에 해당하여 냉온대북부림대에 속한다. 이 종은 $5^{\circ}{\sim}23^{\circ}$ 경사의 북동사면에 주로 출현하였다. 한계령풀 분포지의 교목층은 신갈나무, 거제수나무, 층층나무, 고로쇠나무가 우점 하였으며, 관목층에는 고추나무, 물참대, 국수나무 등이 우점 하였다. 한계령풀 집단의 초본층 종다양도(Shannon's Index)는 0.21에서 0.98이며 각 집단에서 한계령풀의 중요치는 개화기에 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 서식지의 특성에 대한 본 연구는 한계령풀의 보전과 복원 전략의 수립 결정에 중요한 기초자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2014

본 연구는 새롭게 확인된 경기도 여주시 미선나무 자생지를 대상으로 식생현황 및 분포규모와 신규 자생지의 의미를 분석하고 향후의 보전 및 관리에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 미선나무는 세계에서 우리나라에만 분포하는 특산식물로 1속 1종만이 존재한다. 그동안 보고된 미선나무 자생지는 충청지역을 중심으로 하는 중남부 지역에 편중되어 있었으나 여주시 자생지의 발견으로 분포역이 중부지역까지 확장되었다. 대상지는 $37^{\circ}20{\sim}21^{\prime}N$, $137^{\circ}43{\sim}21^{\prime}E$, 해발 99~120m에 위치하고 있으며, 하천을 끼고 있는 산자락 전석지대의 지형적 특징을 보이고 있다. 자생지의 규모는 약 $530m^2$로 좁은 면적이었으며, 자생지 내에 미선나무는 약 1,200여 개체가 분포하고 있다. 출현하고 있는 개체들은 수고 0.5m 이하의 어린 개체가 대부분이었고, 1.0m 이상의 성숙한 개체는 약 300여 개체로 확인되었다. 여주시의 미선나무는 뿌리나 줄기를 이용한 영양번식에 의해 개체군이 유지 및 확산되고 있다. 자생지의 식생은 교목층에서는 리기다소나무와 갈참나무가 우점하고, 아교목층은 생강나무, 갈참나무, 신나무 등이 출현하고 있다. 관목층은 미선나무가 우점하는 가운데 국수나무, 회잎나무, 쥐똥나무 등이 출현하였으며, 초본층은 낮은 식피율을 보였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.80-94
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• 1992

To inspect the changing of the forest soil and plants community structrure by air plooutand & acid rain during from September to November in 1990, the smapling sites were selected in the Piwon, Namsan and Kwangnung forest. In sites, plots were set up in Q. aliena forest at Piwon, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora forest at Namsan and Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora forest at Kwangnung. To obtain the individual number of trees, number of species, importance values and species diversity, using the Curtis & McIntosh methods. The results are following that; 1) In Pinus densiflora community, it was almost dominated by Q. spp. in the canopy layer and P. densiflora and Carpinus laxiflora through the subtree to shrub layer at Kwangnung. It wassaid that C. laxiflora is the climax species in moddle temperature zone. On the contrary, in Namsan forest, there is no appearance thesamplings of P. densiflora & C. laxiflora, but Styrax japonica and Stephanandra incisa that are acid-tolerance species are dominant ones. On the other hand, in Q. spp. community, Q. spp. and C. laxiflora are dominant ones. On the other hand, in Q. spp. community, Q. spp. and C. laxiflora are dominant species through all layer, and in addition C. cordata somewhat appear at Kwangnung. But at Namsan and Piwon forest, Q. mongolica & Q. aliena that were dominant species in canopy layer disappeared in the subtreeand shrub layer, and C. laxiflora and Corunus cordata absolutely disappeared. It were similarly dominated by Robinia pseudo-acacia, Styrax japonica, Sorbus alnifolia, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Rhododendrn mucronulatum and so on at Namsn and Piwon forest. In the light of these facts, it found out that disclimax was similar between Namsan and Piwon forest. 2) Species diversity and maximum species diversity were decreased in Kwangnumg, Namsan, Piwon in order. It was xpected that vegetational community was affected by environmental pollutant. 3) As the vegetational community structure analyses, using DCA technique among the ordination, ecological successional series are stopped to Q. spp. from P. densiflora at Namsan and Piwon, but that of Kwangnung is on the way that P. densiflora, Q. alena, C. laxiflora. It was obvi ously different from Namsan and Piwon. 4) In Q. spp. & P. densiflora community, the number of woody plants inNamsan & Piwon is much less than that of Kwangnung through all Layer. Especially, Piwon shown very severe difference. Through all community, the number of individuals of Piwon and Namsan are less than that of Kwangnung. Specially, that of the shrub layer is obvious. 5) In the growth rate of trees, it found out that all sites showed the growth decline phenomena. Especially, since in 1975, there have been the micro disclimax phenomena in Q. community of Kwangnung. 6) In the Q. community, soil acidity of Namsan & Piwon measured 4.57, 4.40 respectively. It was very strong acidity and far lower than that of Kwangnung. Also the content amount of Mg++ in Namsan & Piwon forest were still lower than Kwangnung.