• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.745-755
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• 2024

Calystegia pubescens Lindl. (C. pubesens) is a native Korean herb that has been traditionally used for its diuretic, fatigue, and blood sugar-lowering effects. In previous studies, C. pubesens has shown antioxidant and whitening effects, but research on its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties is limited, and its potential as functional materials is lacking. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of leaf (CPL) and stem (CPS) extracts of C. pubesens extracted with 70% ethanol. When the anti-bacterial effect was confirmed, CPL showed superior anti-bacterial effect than CPS for C. acne, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Additionally, CPL exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to CPS, as demonstrated by DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging assays. Therefore, CPL showed superior anti-bacterial and antioxidant effects compared to CPS. Based on these results, further investigation was conducted to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of CPL using RAW264.7 macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was significantly reduced by CPL treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the protein and mRNA expression of iNOS was reduced by CPL in LPS-indueced RAW264.7 cells, which was consistent with NO production. In conclusion, this study confirmed that CPL has superior anti-bacterial and antioxidant effects compared to CPS, and demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect of CPL via inhibiting iNOS expression and NO production induced by LPS. Based on the result, we suggest the potential of CPL as a valuable functional materials.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find out the optimum cropping system for the stable production of forage crops in the newly reclaimed land located at Gwanghwal and Gyehwa region of Saemangum reclaimed tide land from October, 2009 to October, 2011. Whole crop barley (WCB), Rye, Italyan-ryegrass (IRG) as winter crops and Corn, Sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid (SSH) as summer crops were cultivated. Soil chemical properties, nutrient uptake, feed value, growth and yield were examinated. The testing soil was showed saline alkali soil where the contents of organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable calcium were very low, while exchangeable sodium and magnesium were higher. Changes of soil salinity during the growing season of forage crops were less than 0.2%, and the growth of forage crops was not affected by salt injury. Standing rates of winter crops were higher in the order of Rye, WCB, and IRG, while the dry matter yield of winter crops was higher in the order of IRG, Rye and WCB. The highest crude protein (CP) content was recorded in IRG, and total digestive nutrients (TDN) contents were increased in the order of WCB, IRG, and Rye. The TDN content was higher in corn, whereas other feed value was higher in SSH. The content of mineral nutrients on stem, leaf and grain in IRG, Corn were high. After experiment pH was lowed, contents of exchangeable magnesium, sodium and organic matter were decreased while contents of total nitrogen, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium, calcium were increased. Winer crops and summer crops after continually cultivating in cropping system, fresh matter yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (74,740 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 10%, IRG-Corn 7%, Rye-SSH 6%, Rye-Corn and WCB-SSH 3%. Dry matter yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (20,280 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 7%, Rye-SSH 6%, IRG-Corn/Rye-Corn/WCB-SSH 3%. The TDN yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (13,830 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 2%, WCB-SSH and IRG-Corn 1%. Therefore, we suggest that the crop combination of IRG-SSH and WCB-SSH would be preferred for silage stable production.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find out the optimum cropping system for the stable production of forage crops in the newly reclaimed land located at Gwanghwal region of Saemangum reclaimed land in which the soil is sandy loam (Munpo series). There were two treatments of nitrogen fertilization 20% increment based on the standard fertilization of 150, $200kg\;ha^{-1}$. Whole crop barley as the winter crop sowed on 27 October. After the whole crop barley was harvested at the end of May. Corn and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass as the summer crop sowed at the early of June successively on the same field. Emergence rate the whole crop barley was high while the summer crops were low. Soil salinity was increased during cultivation of summer crops. However, corn and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass were not damaged by salt. Increase of nitrogen fertilization made the growth of cultivation crops good, stem and leaf tended to have a lot of the mineral nutrients at heading stage and silking stage. After experiment, among soil chemical properties pH, content of exchangeable sodium were decreased and content of organic matter, available phosphate were increased. Dry matter yield were showed whole crop barley $13,170kg\;ha^{-1}$ and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass $19,440kg\;ha^{-1}$ by increment of nitrogen fertilization. Therefore, to improve the product and nutrient balance of reclaimed saline land comprehensive soil management should be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to understand the experiment for measuring chemical reaction rate by precipitate formation and to develop experiments applying small-scale chemistry. For this study, the experimental method for measuring the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates presented in the 10 high school science textbooks were classified by their experimental methods of confirming production. Subsequently, problems observed in carrying out the experiments for measuring chemical reaction rates by precipitate formation frequently presented in the 10 high school science textbooks were analyzed. Experiments applying small-scale chemistry were developed measuring chemical reaction rate by precipitate formation. According to the result of this study, there were some problems in the experimental method of precipitate formation for measuring chemical reaction rates presented in the high school science textbooks. Those problems in the science textbook experiments were insufficient specification of mixing methods of reaction solutions, obscurity of knowing when the character letter X disappeared, time delay in collecting the experimental data, formation of hazardous sulfur dioxide, uneasiness of fixing water bath container, controlling the reaction temperature, and low reproducibility. Those problems were solved by developing experiments applying smallscale chemistry. Presenting the procedure of mixing reaction solutions on the A4 reaction paper sheet made the experimental procedure clearly, using well plates and stem pipette shortened the reaction time and made it possible to continuously collect the experimental data. Furthermore, the quantity of hazardous sulfur dioxide was reduced 1/7 times and the time when the character letter X disappeared could be observed clearly. Since experiments for measuring the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates could be performed in 30 minutes, the developing experiments applying SSC would help students understand the scientific concepts on the effect of concentration and temperature on chemical reaction rates with enough time for experimental data analysis and discussion.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1999

This study was carried out to examine the effect of day/nignt temperatures during seedling culture on the vegetative and reproductive growth of Lycopersicum esculentum ‘Seokwang’. The study was consisted of two culture stages, plug seedling production in the growth chamber and hydroponic culture of the plant in a glasshouse. Experiments were replicated over time. The germinated seedlings were raised for 33 days (experiment 1) and 35 days (experiment 2) in 4 growth chambers, each with day/night temperatures of either $25^{\circ}C$/$25^{\circ}C$, 16$^{\circ}C$/16$^{\circ}C$, 16$^{\circ}C$/$25^{\circ}C$ or $25^{\circ}C$/16$^{\circ}C$. Cool-white fluorescent lamps provided 140$\mu$mol.m$^{-2}$ .s$^{-1}$ light for 12h each day. In the second experiment, all chambers were supplied with 1000$\mu$mol.mol$^{-1}$ CO$_{2}$ during the photoperiod and had an air velocity of 0.3m.s$^{-1}$ and relative humidity of 80%. Plug seedlings raised were transplanted to rockwool slabs in a glasshouse and were grown hydroponically using the same nutrient solutions used for seedling culture for 37 days (experiment 1) and 35 days (experiment 2). Plant height was affected more by mean daily temperature than by interaction of day and night temperatures. Plant height was the highest in 16/16$^{\circ}C$ treatment. Leaf count was not affected by day and night temperatures, and the chlorophyll concentration was the highest in 16/$25^{\circ}C$ treatment. Fresh and dry weights of stem tended to be greater in treatments of constant day and night temperature. The number of node on which first and second flower clusters were set was significantly higher in 25/$25^{\circ}C$ treatment than in the other treatments. Days to flower of the first flower on the first flower cluster were the greatest in 25/$25^{\circ}C$ and the least in 16/$25^{\circ}C$ treatment. Vegetative and reproductive growth, such as height, fresh and dry weights, days to flower, and nodes of the 1st and 2nd flower cluster set were affected by day/night temperatures.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 1985

In order to find out the effects of seeding time on growth, dry matter production and nutritive content of Pioneer 931, Pioneer 988 and Piper, this study was carried out on the experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station in 1981-83. Seeding time were 7 with 14-day interval from April 16 to July 9. The results are summarized as follows: 1. It tool about 12 to 13 days from seeding to emergence in case of Mid-April seeding and 7 to 8 days in Late-June. Earlier seeding, more longer growth period from emergence to heading they required. 2. Plant height of Pioneer 931 seeded lately was longer than 4.5 meters in primary growth and Sudangrass was about 2.0 to 2.5 meters. Leaf area was the greatest in Mid-August by early seeding but it was increased until Early-October by late seeding. 3. Sorghum gas brought the highest yield in dry mater and Sudangrass the lowest. In general dry matter yield reduced gradually in response to later seeding but Pioneer 931 has brought more than 10 tons per hecter until Late-June. 4. Relative Growth Rate, Leaf Area Ratio and Leaf Weight of all varieties decreased in accordance with growth development. 5. Crude protein content of leaf was higher than stem and the younger the plants, the more protein they contain. Nitrogen Free Extract was just opposite to crude protein.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2016

In this study, we examined the changes of fruit number and fruit weight according to the length of bearing branch of Actinidia arguta and identified the correlation the length of bearing branch and fruit characteristics. The fruit weight and the fruit number of A. arguta bearing branch which length are below 15 cm and over 30 cm were 11.7 g, 4.3 and 12.3 g, 13.8, respectively. From the results, the bearing brach which length was below 15 cm must be removed in winter season pruning. The pruning experiment was conducted to examine the effects on fruit quality and yield of A. arguta. Total fruit yield of heavy-pruning was $14.3{\pm}1.5kg/tree$. The production of fruits over 15 g wight was $8.2{\pm}0.9kg/tree$, that of fruits between 10 g to 15 g was $4.0{\pm}0.7kg/tree$, and that of fruit below 10 g was $2.1{\pm}0.3kg/tree$, respectively. Average fruit yield of nonpruning was $26.7{\pm}2.1kg/tree$, fruit yield over 15 g, between 10 g and 15 g, and below 10 g were $2.5{\pm}0.5kg/tree$, $19.2{\pm}1.4kg/tree$, and $5.0{\pm}0.6kg/tree$, respectively. Distribution of high quality fruit (over 15 g) showed that non-pruning was almost 15~16 g but pruning was evenly distributed between 15 g and 20 g. According to the survey, The high quality fruit (over 15 g) would not be harvested if the winter pruning is not applied in the A. arguta cultivation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 1985

To examine the effects of different levels of soil moisture on dry matter production and chemical compositions of sorghum cv. Pioneer 931, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid cv. Pioneer 988, sudangrass cv. Piper, and corn cv. Suweon 19. Soil moisture contents were maintained with approximately 100, 80 and 40% of field moisture capacity. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The highest dry matter yields per plant were found at 60% soil moisture level with 176.2g, 180.8g and 164.0g for pioneer 931, Pioneer 988 and corn, respectively. 2. Dry matter accumulation in accordance with soil moisture levels and growth stages of all crops except sudangrass were in the order of 60>40>80>100% soil moisture level. 3. The highest absolute growth rate (AGR) of sorghum, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and corn was shown at 60% soil moisture level, that of sudangrass was shown at 80% soil moisture level. The relative growth rate (RGR) of all crops was high in the early growing stage and was low at maturity. The highest net assimilation rate (NAR) of all crops was found at 60% soil moisture level with $72-467g/m^2/day$ from June 29 to July 5. 4. The higher crude fiber content in leaf of Pioneer 931 was shown at 100% and 80% soil moisture levels with 28.6-28.8%, that of corn had no significant difference among soil moisture levels. The crude protein content in leaf of all crops was 14.2-21.6% at 60% soil moisture level, 13.8-16.0% at 40% soil moisture level, and 7.3-13.9% at above 80% soil moisture levels, respectively. 5. The crude fiber content in stern of all crops and all soil moisture levels was 24.6-36.7%, and the crude protein content in stem was 2.5-5.3% in dry matter basis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2009

Approximately 43 million tons of livestock manure (LM) are produced each year on Korean farms. LM can be utilized as a valuable resource and/or it can contaminate water by runoff and leaching through the soil, when LM has been thoughtlessly applied to the land and directly discharged into the water. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of no-till system and LM application on dry matter (DM) yield of silage corn and $NO_3$-N concentration in leaching water of lysimeter installed in the experimental field. The treatments were replicated three times in split plot design. Main plots consisted of tillage systems, such as conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT). Sub plots consisted of the type of LM, such as chemical fertilizer (CF), composted cattle manure (CCM) and composted swine manure (CSM). The control plots were fertilized as commercial chemical fertilizer. DM yields of corn increased significantly in order to CF > CCM > CSM (p<0.05). DM yield of corn in CT increased as comparing with that of corn in NT. Plant height, ear height and stem diameter also increased in order to CF > CCM > CSM. In addition, the root weight in CT was increased as comparing with that of corn in NT. However, there was no interaction effects of between type of LM and tillage system. $NO_3$-N concentration in leaching water of LM application was less than 10 ppm, but $NO_3$-N concentration in CF exceeded 10 ppm which is safety level of drinking water during summer time (rainfall season).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of drainage reuse rate on the growth and fruiting of summer paprika in closed hydroponic cultivation. The experiment was carried out for 25 weeks from March to September 2015 with 0, 20, 30, 50% mixing ratio of waste nutrient solution using non - recycling hydroponic cultivation as a control. As a result, stem diameter of the test was different in the groups 1 and 2, but no difference showed as the group progressed more than 3 groups. L.A.I tended to decrease with increasing drainage mixing ratio. The number of nodes in the 50% reuse test group was 1.4 compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference. The number of harvested nodes was significantly different in the control group (11.1 nodes) and the 50% reuse test group (8.7 nodes), and the harvested nodes tended to decrease as the drainage was reused. The ratio of harvest was also the same as that of the harvesting node, and the control was the highest at 33.2% and the lowest at the 50% reuse test at 27.6%. Relative yields were reduced by 30%, 35% and 45% in the control group in the first group, and this tendency was also observed in the second and fourth groups. However, in the 3 and 5 groups, the production of 50% test group increased by 13% and 5%. The ratio of unmarketable fruit was increased 2%, 4%, 4%, and 7% in 0%, 20%, 30% and 50% reuse test, respectively. In conclusion, if the decrease in yield due to the decline in early growth is carefully managed, even if the imbalance of inorganic ions occurs after the mid-term growth, the growth of the crop will enter into a stable period and the re-use will not be worried about the growth and the yield decrease.