• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 1991

The pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes Sfeinernema earpocapsae and Heferorhabditis baeferiophora was evaluated against forest insect pests, alder leaf beetle Agelastiea eoerulea, pellucid zygaenid Pryeria siniea, and box-tree pyralid Glyphodes perspeetalis. Alder leaf beetle larvae were exposed to S. earpocapsae at concentration of 0, 25, 50, and 100 nematodes and to H. baeferiophora at concentration of 0, 10, 20, and 40 nematodes per larva on alder leaves. Mortalities of 1st instar lavae were 85.4 $\pm$ 4.1-100%, 2nd instar larvae 80.0 $\pm$ 5.8-100%, and 3rd instar larvae 65.0 $\pm$ 10.8-100% in S. earpocapsae and those of 1st instar larvae were 82.5 $\pm$ 6.9-100%, 2nd instar larvae 77.5 $\pm$ 4.7-100%, and 3rd instar larvae 55.0 $\pm$ 13.5-100% in H. baeferiophora treatment. When pellucid zygaenid larvae were exposed to S. earpocapsae at concentration of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 nematodes and to H. baeteriophora at concentration of 0, 2, 5, 10,20, and 40 nematodes per larva, mortalities were 98.9 $\pm$ 1.1-100% in S. earpocapsae and 26.7 $\pm$ 5.1-74.5 $\pm$ 6.2% in H. baeferiophora. The mortalities of box-tree pyralid larvae were 97.8 $\pm$ 1.5-100% in S. earpocapsae treated with concentration of 0,20,40, and 80 nematodes per larva and those were 92.0 $\pm$ 6.2-98.9 $\pm$ 1.1 % in H. baeferiophora treated with con'||'&'||'not;centration of 0, 10, 20, and 40 nematodes per larva.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 1999

Recently, entomopathogenic nematodes have received a considerable attention as biologicalcontrol agents. For in vitro cultivation, storage and transportation of nematodes, oxygen supply isextremely impotant due to its limited solubility and mass transfer problem. The oxygen uptake rates(OURs) of four different Steinernema species were measured in a 5L bioreactor at varying temperatures.The OURs of the Steinernema spp. were below 0.5 x mmolO'||'&'||' . min in the range of 13-17$^{\circ}$C. TheOURs (mmo102/L - min) of S. glaseri Dongrae and S. carpocapsae Pocheon strains were 0.4 x lo-', 0.75x lo-\ulcorner at 21$^{\circ}$C, 1.5 x lo-\ulcorner, 3.2 x 10-2 at 25"C, and 2.8 x lo-', 5.8 x lo-\ulcorner at 29"C, respectively. However,the OURs were not significantly altered by the agitation speed of 50-150 rpm. The specific oxygenuptake rates (qol) of S. glaseri NC, S. glaseri Dongrae, S. glaseri Mungyeong and S. carpocapsaePocheon strains were 0.3 x 0.5 x 0.3 x and 0.2 x mmolO~/cell min at 25"C,respectively. As the nematode size and temperature were increased, the qo, was also increased.the qo, was also increased.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.259-264
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• 2001

Toxicological studies of two potential biological control agents, the entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema carpocapsae) and the symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophilus) were conducted against two beneficial insects and one mammal species. Two microbial agents varied in their toxicities between two insect species: an ant, Pristomyrmex pungens, and silkworm, Bombyx mori. In oral toxicity test, the symbiotic bacteria resulted in significant lethal [half lethal concentration of $1.4$\times$10^3$colony-forming units (cfu)/ml] on the ants, while they gave little lethal effect (half lethal concentration of more than $10^{8}$ cfu/ml) on the silkworms. The nematodes, however, gave significant lethal effect [half lethal concentration of 4 infected juveniles (IJs)/ml] on the silkworms, while they did little lethal effect (half lethal concentration of 150,000 IJs/ml) on the ants in topical assays. Both the nematodes and the bacteria did not give lethal effect to the albino rats, Rattus norvegicus, when they were fed orally into the rats. Also, any of these microbial agents were not detected in the internal organs of the treated rats.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 2002

Fatty Acid contents of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs) were examined by various types of nematodes and culture methods. Seven different types EPNs cultured by in vivo did not contain same fatty acid contents, but similar compositions. It was also found that Steinernema carpocapsae among EPNs cultured by in vivo and in vitro contained not only different fatty acid contents, but also revealed distinctive motilities in a soil. The addition of olive oil in the in vitro culture medium resulted in similar fatty acid contents of S. carpocapsae to in vivo and greatly improved the pathogenicity of nematodes compared to that of soy oil in the medium.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2001

The efficacies of several entomopathogenic nematodes of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. were examined against tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius. H. bacteriophora HY showed 100% mortality after 20 h against 2nd instar of tobacco cutworm. In the case of 3-4th instar, S. carpocapsae PC, H. bacteriophora HY and S. monticola CR showed 100% mortality after 47 h. In the case of 5-6th instar, S. carpocapsae PC proved more effective than the others. Generally, the number of nematodes harvested as their size decreased. Also, the highest number of nematodes was obtained in the 5-6th instar of S. litura by H. bacteriophora HY, showing about $1.3{\times}10^6$ nematodes per larva. In vitro cultured S. carpocapsae PC showed 100% mortality after 73 h against 5-6th instar tobacco cutworm, indicating that nematodes produced in vitro can be potentially used for the biological control of S. litura instead of nematodes in vivo.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.59-59
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• 2004

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

The 21 strains of Korean entomopathogenic nematodes, {Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang strain(HbH), Heterorhabditis sp. 202, 205, 217, Heterorhabdiris sp. KCTC 0991BP strain, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon(ScP), S. longicaudum Gonaju, S. longicaudum Nonsan, Steinernema sp. 7,24, 52, 55, 60, 64, 206, 207, 209, 210, 219, and 227 strain} were evaluated for the control of a turfgrass insect pest, Exomala orientalis. Heterorhabditis spp. showed higher pathogenicity than Steinernema spp. against 3rd instar larvae of E. orientalis with $55\%$ mortality by Heterorhabditis sp. 202 strain and $50\%$ by HbH and Heterorhabditis sp.205 strain at the rate of 200 infective juveniles per larva 14 days later after treatment. The number of infective juveniles of Korean entomopathogenic nematodes in 3rd instar larvae of E. orientalis was higher in Heterorhabditis spp. than in Steinernema spp.. In general, numbers of produced infective juveniles of three species were much higher, i.e., Heterorhabditis sp.202 strain produced 273,064 infective juveniles, S. carpocapsae Pocheon strain 273,043, and Heterorhabditis sp. 217 strain 248,887, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2016

Japanese pine sawyer (JPS), Monochamus alternatus is a vector insect of pine wood nematode, Bersaphlenchus xylophilus in Korea and Japanese pine forest. This study was to evaluate the possibility of biological control of JPS with Korean entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Korean EPNs (Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1, S. glaseri Dongrae and S. longicaudum Nonsan strain) were infested bate insect, Galleria mellonella in log of dead pine tree. Result showed that, S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain has the highest pathogenicity. Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan and S. carpocapsae GSN1 had infested bate insect, which located in 7.5 cm depth of pine log. EPN has pathogenicity against larva and adult of JPS. Spray application of EPNs against adult of JPS, Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain showed higher pathogenicity than S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain. EPN infested larva of JPS was detected on bark spray treatment with S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain in dead pine log that naturally infested larva of JPS however, no EPN infested JPS was detected on soaking of pine log with suspension of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain. Though EPN had found with low efficacy against JPS but still possible to apply to control the boring insect pest as they can control log dwelling insect.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.8 no.1_2
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• pp.17-22
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• 2003

An endemic entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis, was evaluated by its control efficacies against housefly, Musca domestica, and flower beetle, Gametis jucunda. In Petri-dish assay, the pathogenicity of H. megidis showed 456.4 infective juveniles/larva (IJs/larva) in median lethality (LC$_{50}$) against the second instar larvae of M. domestica and 238.9 IJs/larva against the second instar larvae of G. jucunda. This was contrasted with those of the other well-known entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, which showed 115.9 IJs/larva against M. domestica and 388.6 IJs/larva against G. jucunda. In field experiment, H. megidis were applied per square meter of pork farm with 1,000,000 IJs of H. megidis or apple orchard with 370,000 IJs, which were infested with M. domestica or G. jucunda, respectively. H. megidis showed 56.9% and 57.3% of control efficacies against M. domestica and G. jucunda, respectively. These results suggest a promising control technique in the field using H. megidis against M. domestica and G. jucunda.a.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2002

The chestnut brown chafer, Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse, is serious insect pests in golf courses. Adults feed on the leaves of latifoliate trees but larvae feed on roots of turfgrases such as bentgrass, Agrostis spp. Damage of A. tenuimaculatus larvae was observed at the Jinju golf club which showed damage symptom on perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne in tees and fairways in July, 2000. Damaged turf by A. tenuimaculatus larvae became yellowish and wilted. Symptom of laval damage of A. tenuimaculatus was similar to summer depression in warm season turfgrasses but not recovered by irrigation when Korean isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for the control of A. tenuimaculatus larvae in laboratory and field as a possible biological control agent. The nematodes used were Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Jeju strain, Hererorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain, S.glaseri Dongrea strain, and S.longicaudum Nonsan strain. In the laboratory test H.bacreriophora Jeju strain and Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain were highly effective for 3rd instars with 95% mortality. In the field test reduction rates of A.tenuimaculatus larvae were higher by ranging from 28 to 57% by H. bacteriophora Jeju strain, Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain, and S.carpocapsae Pocheon strain compared to 7% by natural cause.