• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 1998

This paper addresses an optimization for reducing a steering error of a rack-and-pinion steering linkage with a MacPherson strut independent front suspension system. The length, orientations and inner joint positions of a tie-rod are selected as design variables and Ackerman geonetry, understeer effect, minimum turn radius, wheel alignment and packaging are considered as design constraints. Nonlinear kinematic analysis of the steering system is performed for calculating the values of cost and constraints, and Augmented Lagrange Multiplier(ALM) method is used for solving the constrained optinization problem. The optimization results show that the steering error are considerably reduced while satisfying all the constraints.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2002

This study present a direct steering system using rack and pinion for ultra-small vehicles. The traditional small vehicles for special use had the limitation of space by reason of short wheel tread. These vehicles has adopted a indirect steering system or a center arm system for steering. The disadvantages of these system were deterioration of gear efficiency and increase of parts. For direct-linkage to both knuckles, steering system is made up of out-side tie rods, tie-rod ends, and gear box. Thus, the proposed system has a minimum number of parts. The experimental results show a maximum efficiency at minimum steering angle and a minimum clearance circle. These effects were accomplished by adopting a Ackerman-Jantaud theory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2012

In this study, the optimal synthesis of planar steering mechanisms for vehicles is studied. The author minimized the steering error between two front wheels subject to the constraints of transmission angles. Nonlinear programming methods such as BFGS method and golden section search method are used for this optimization. As numerical examples, Ackermann's steering mechanism, 6-link and 10-link planar mechanism are adopted to check the usefulness of this method. Consequently, among the three optimized mechanisms, 10-link planar one conducts far more accurate performance subject to tight constraints of transmission angles.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.66-78
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• 1995

In this paper, we address vehicle modeling and dynamic analysis of four wheel steering systems (4WS). 4WS is one of the devices used for the improvement of vehicle maneuverability and stability. All research done here is based on a production vehicle from a manufacturer. To study actual system response, a three dimensional, full vehicle model was created. In past research of this type, simple, two dimensional, bicycle vehicle models were typically used. First, we modelled and performed a dynamic analysis on a conventional two wheel steering(2WS) vehicle. The modeling and analysis for this model and subsequent 4WS vehicles were performed using ADAMS(Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems) software. After the original vehicle model was verified with actual experiment results, the rear steering mechanism for the 4WS vehicle was modelled and the rear suspension was changed to McPherson-type forming a four wheel independent suspension system. Three different 4WS systems were analyzed. The first system applied a mechanical linkage between the front and rear steering mechanisms. The second and third systems used, simple control logic based on the speed and yaw rate of the vehicle. 4WS vehicle proved dynamic results through double lane change test.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.1080-1084
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• 2011

Urban maglev should have such characteristics as not only environmentally friendliness and excellent driving capability but also curve negotiation performance because its routes have many sharp curves. Due to normal mechanism of urban maglev its relative displacements of secondary spring are bigger than conventional railway vehicle and the centering force of levitation magnet is smaller than wheel-on-rail system. These features of maglev affect the curving negotiation and so the additional steering device is to be required on Urban maglev to improve the running performance at sharp curve of less than about R50m. Some developed urban maglev had the passive steering device which consists of mechanical linkage or hydraulic cylinder and closed-route piping. But it has drawback as complexity of layout of understructure of vehicle and functional limitation of passive mechanism regarding transient curve. These demerits could be solved by using active steering system. But it has a weak point that an active device should have actuators and additional inverter or hydraulic power source. In this paper, the semi-active steering system for urban maglev is to be introduced.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 1991

This study was conducted to investigate the influences of virtual hitch point (VHP) positions of a three-point hitch on the steering stability of agricultural tractors. The VHP locations were determined analytically from the linkage geometry and implement posture during the normal tillage operations. The maximum force applicable to the VHP was also determined under the given soil and power constraints. From these possible ranges of the VHP locations, a safe region for steering control was determined theoretically by using maximum applicable forces for the given tractor and implement combinations. With VHP positions within the safe region, tractor can maintain the minimum soil reaction forces, assumed 20% of the total tractor weight in this study, at the front wheels which is required for the steering control under the maximum traction conditions. This paper mainly concerns with mathematical developments for the determination of VHP locations and maximum forces applicable to the VHP for steering control. Experimental validation of the theory developed here follows as the second part of this study.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2013

The mechanical vibration of a PM synchronous motor at low speeds due to the back emf harmonics may be serious problems in some application such as MDPS(Motor driven power steering), electric vehicles. In this paper, torque ripple reduction for an interior PM synchronous motor including back emf harmonics is proposed. The dq flux linkage harmonics of the permanent magnet are estimated on real time by using the dq currents of the real system and the model of the MRAS observer. Based on the estimated flux linkage harmonics, the dq harmonic currents for reducing the torque ripples are compensated on the dq reference currents. The estimation of the flux linkage harmonics by the MRAS observer and the torque ripple reduction of the proposed algorithm was verified by the simulation and experiment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.34-42
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• 2006

As many systems depend on electronics, concern for fault tolerance is growing rapidly. For example, a car with its steering controlled by electronics and no mechanical linkage from steering wheel to front tires(steer-by-wire) should be fault tolerant because a failure can come without any warning and its effect is devastating. In order to make system fault tolerant, there has been a body of research mainly from aerospace field. This paper presents the structure of predictive smoothing voter that can filter out most erroneous values and noise. In addition, several numerical simulation results are given where the predictive smoothing voter outperforms well-known average and median voters.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.126-134
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• 2008

As many systems depend on electronics, concern for fault tolerance is growing rapidly. For example, a car with its steering controlled by electronics and no mechanical linkage from steering wheel to front tires (steer-by-wire) should be fault tolerant because a failure can come without any warning and its effect is devastating. In order to make system fault tolerant, there has been a body of research mainly from aerospace field. This paper presents the structure of predictive hybrid redundancy that can remove most erroneous values. In addition, several numerical simulation results are given where the predictive hybrid redundancy outperforms wellknown average and median voters.

• Journal of KSNVE
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.494-503
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• 1998

In this paper, in order to analyze dynamic characteristics of an automobile steering system consisting of many components, natural frequencies and transfer functions of each component and the total system are found on a FFT analyzer by experiments. Then, the data are transmitted to a commercial package program, CADA-PC. By analyzing the data, the mode shape of each natural frequency and damping values are obtained. Also, the function of a rubber coupling in column and telescoping effects on system are considered. C.A.E commercial programs are used to compare with the results of experiments. For the finite element modeling, I-DEAS is used. Data processing and post processing are operated on NASTRAN and XL, respectively. The ball-bearing and the linkage of shaft with column are modeled by spring element. Stiffness is modified from the results of experiments. The results of those show close agreement. In the mode shape of total system, wheel mode is dominant at lower frequency, while the column mode is main mode at higher. The role of rubber coupling in vibration isolation is clear on mode shape. Telescoping function makes natural frequency of column changed.