• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.357-369
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• 2014

In the existing bridge management systems, assessment of the structural behavior is based on the results of visual inspections in which corresponding condition states are assigned to individual elements. In this process, limited attention is given to the correlation between bridge elements from structural perspective. Also, the uncertainty of parameters which affect the structural capacity is ignored. A system reliability-based assessment model is potentially an appropriate replacement for the existing procedures. The aim of this research is to evaluate the system reliability of existing conventional Steel-Reinforced bridge decks over time. The developed method utilizes the reliability theory and evaluates the structural safety for such bridges based on their failure mechanisms. System reliability analysis has been applied to simply-supported concrete bridge superstructures designed according to the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC-S6) and the deterioration pattern is achieved based on the reliability estimates. Finally, the bridge condition index of an old existing bridge in Montreal has been estimated using the developed deterioration pattern. The results obtained from the developed reliability-based deterioration model and from the evaluation done by bridge engineers have been found to be in accordance.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.679-688
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• 2017

A GFRP-concrete composite bridge deck is presented in this paper. This composite deck is composed of concrete and a GFRP plate and is connected by GFRP perfobond (PBL) shear connectors with penetrating GFRP rebar. There are many outstanding advantages in mechanical behavior, corrosion resistance and durability of this composite deck over conventional reinforced concrete decks. To analyze the shear and flexural performance of this GFRP-concrete composite deck, a static loading experiment was carried out on seven specimens. The failure modes, strain development and ultimate bearing capacity were thoroughly examined. Based on elastic theory and strain-based theory, calculation methods for shear and flexural capacity were put forward and revised. The comparison of tested and theoretical capacity results showed that the proposed methods could effectively predict both the flexural and shear capacity of this composite deck. The ACI 440 methods were relatively conservative in predicting flexural capacity and excessively conservative in predicting shear capacity of this composite deck. The analysis of mechanical behavior and the design method can be used for the design of this composite deck and provides a significant foundation for further research.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.295-316
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• 2015

A bridge widening technology using steel-concrete composite system was developed and is presented in this paper. The widened superstructure system consists of a newly built composite steel-concrete girder with concrete deck and steel diaphragms attached to the existing concrete girders. This method has been applied in several bridge widening projects in China, and one of those projects is presented in detail. Due to the higher stiffness-to-weight ratio and the rapid erection of composite girders, this widening method reveals benefits in both mechanical performance and construction. As only a few methods for the design of bridges with different types of girders are recommended in current design codes, a more accurate analytical method of estimating live load distribution on girder bridges was developed. In the analytical model, the effects of span length, girder pacing, diaphragms, concrete decks were considered, as well as the torsional and flexural stiffness of both composite box girders and concrete T girders. The study shows that the AASHTO LRFD specification procedures and the analytical models proposed in this paper closely approximate the live load distribution factors determined by finite element analysis. A parametric study was also conducted using the finite element method to evaluate the potential load carrying capacities of the existing concrete girders after widening.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.333-347
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• 2014

Multi-scale model can take both computational efficiency and accuracy into consideration when it is used to conduct elasto-plastic seismic response analysis for complex steel bridges. This paper proposed a method based on pushover analysis of member sharing the same section pattern to verify the accuracy of multi-scale model. A deck-through type steel arch bridge with a span length of 200m was employed for seismic response analysis using multi-scale model and fiber model respectively, the validity and necessity of elasto-plastic seismic analysis for steel bridge by multi-scale model was then verified. The results show that the convergence of load-displacement curves obtained from pushover analysis for members having the same section pattern can be used as a proof of the accuracy of multi-scale model. It is noted that the computational precision of multi-scale model can be guaranteed when length of shell element segment is 1.40 times longer than the width of section where was in compression status. Fiber model can only be used for the predictions of the global deformations and the approximate positions of plastic areas on steel structures. However, it cannot give exact prediction on the distribution of plastic areas and the degree of the plasticity.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.681-699
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• 2016

Steel box girders have two webs and two flanges on top that are usually connected with shear connectors to the concrete deck and are also known as tub girders. The end diaphragms of such bridges comprise of a stiffened steel plate welded to the inside of the girder at each end. The diaphragms play a major role in transferring vertical and lateral loads to the bearings and substructure. A review of literature shows that the cyclic behavior of diaphragms under earthquake loading has not been studied previously. This paper uses a nonlinear finite element model to study the behavior of the end diaphragms under gravity and seismic loads. Different bearing device and stiffener configurations have been considered. Affected areas of the diaphragm are distinguished.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.113-123
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• 2011

LCC 분석은 비용평가만을 위한 개별적인 방법이 아닌 가치 개선을 위해 기능평가와 상호 연계되어 이루어지는 방법이다. 점차 LCC 분석의 정확성은 높아지고 있으나 비교적 최근에 개발 적용되어진 재료나 형식들에서는 공용기간이 확보되지 않아 여전히 유지관리 이력을 추정하기가 어려워 신뢰도가 떨어진다. 이런 배경으로 본 연구는 유지관리 프로파일을 설정하기 어려운 대안들에 대해서 기능적인 증감사항이 비용과 연계되어 분석되어지는 LCC 방법론을 제시하고자 한다. 최근 강상판 교면포장은 중차량과 교통량의 증가로 소성변형 등 문제점이 발생하여 기존의 포장을 대체할 수 있는 새로운 혼합물포장의 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. SMA, Guss 및 PSMA 포장을 사례로 들어 대안 간에 비교된 성능척도가 상대평가계수로써 유지관리 프로파일 항목에 포함되어 LCC 분석이 이루어졌다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 제20권1호
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• pp.49-52
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• 2008

유리섬유를 사용한 섬유강화복합체(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer, GFRP) 보강근의 인장강도 및 부착성능 등은 철근과 다르기 때문에 GFRP 보강근을 콘크리트 구조물에 적용하기 위해서는 GFRP 보강근으로 보강된 콘크리트 부재의 거동에 관한 연구가 선행되어야 한다. GFRP는 높은 비강도, 경량성, 비부식성 등의 장점을 가지고 있으나 탄성계수가 철근보다 작아 상대적으로 큰 처짐이 발생하는 단점이 있다. 교량 바닥판은 아칭효과 등에 의해 휨성능이 증가하므로 FRP 보강근을 우선 적용할 수 있는 대상 중 하나이다. 본 논문은 국내에서 개발된 철근 대체재용 GFRP 보강근의 콘크리트 구조물로의 적용 가능성을 관찰하기 위한 실험연구에 관한 것으로 폭과 길이가 3,000 mm, 4,000 mm이고 두께가 240 mm인 실제 크기의 콘크리트 바닥판을 제작하여 GFRP 보강근의 보강비에 따른 거동을 관찰하였다. 정적실험을 수행하였으며 DB-24 하중등급의 축하중을 모사한 재하면적을 가진 직사각형 강재로 바닥판이 파괴될 때까지 집중하중을 가하였다. 철근 보강 바닥판과 GFRP 보강 바닥판의 거동차이를 최대성능 및 처짐 거동 등에 대해 비교 검토하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.51-69
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• 2023

In tied-arch bridges, a properly designed connection between the arch and the deck may become crucial, since the forces in the structure may be significantly reduced. This implies substantial material savings and, consequently, cheaper constructions. The introduction of the Nielsen cable arrangement (composed of V-shaped inclined hangers) in the last century was a milestone because it was able to reduce deflections and bending moments both in the arch and in the deck. So far, the Nielsen cable arrangement has proven to be successful in traditional vertical arch bridges. However, despite its advantages, it has not been widely applied to spatial arch bridges. Thus, this article analyses the difference between the structural behavior of spatial arch bridges with Nielsen-type cable arrangements with respect to those with classical vertical hanger configurations. The main goal is to verify whether the known effectiveness of the Nielsen cable arrangement for classical arch bridges is still preserved when applied to spatial arch bridges. In order to achieve this objective, and as the first part of our study, a set of different all-steel bridges composed of vertical and inclined arches with straight decks have been compared for both cable arrangements. As a major conclusion, for planar vertical arch bridges, the Nielsen-type cable arrangement is always the most effective. In addition, it also seems that, for spatial arch bridges composed of a straight deck and an inclined arch, it still keeps most of its effectiveness as long as the arch is moderately inclined.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

강재 박스거더교의 바닥틀을 구성하며, 바닥판의 활하중과 고정하중을 지지하는 가로보와 세로보의 설계 합리화를 위한 연구가 수행되었다. 가로보는 일반 거더교의 수직 브레이싱 규정을 근거로 6m 이하의 간격으로 조밀하게 배치되며, 세로보는 가로보 사이에 배치된다. 또한 가로보와 세로보는 바닥판과 슬래브 앵커로 연결되지만, 허용응력은 횡비틀림좌굴의 발생을 고려하여 보수적으로 결정 된다. 강박스거더교의 경제성을 도모하고 가설 및 유지관리시의 편의성을 증진시키기 위하여 가로보의 간격을 10m로 증가시켜 세로보와 가로보 의 단면 및 이음부 설계에 대해 검토하였다. 세로보의 지간이 증가함에 따라 응력이 증가하여 고강도의 강재를 사용해야 하지만, 제작 및 유지관리면에서 세로보의 지간을 증가시키는 것이 바람직하며, 경제적으로도 유리할 것으로 판단된다. 바닥판과 세로보 및 가로보의 부착 강도를 충분히 확보하기 위해서는 기존에 사용되고 있는 슬래브 앵커 보다는 전단연결재를 활용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.489-505
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• 2012

In this study, it is aim to perform the construction stage analysis of suspension bridges using time dependent material properties. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge connecting the Europe and Asia in Istanbul is selected as an example. Finite element models of the bridge are modelled using SAP2000 program considering project drawing. Geometric nonlinearities are taken into consideration in the analysis using P-Delta large displacement criterion. The time dependent material strength variations and geometric variations are included in the analysis. Because of the fact that the bridge has steel structural system, only prestressing steel relaxation is considered as time dependent material properties. The structural behaviour of the bridge at different construction stages has been examined. Two different finite element analyses with and without construction stages are carried out and results are compared with each other. As analyses result, variation of the displacement and internal forces such as bending moment, axial forces and shear forces for bridge deck and towers are given with detail. It is seen that construction stage analysis has remarkable effect on the structural behaviour of the bridge.