• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.95-99
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• 2005

Wheel test and potentiodynamic polarization methods were used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of some hydrogen sulfide corrosion inhibitors for the wet gas pipeline API 5L grade X 65 steel. Five commercially corrosion inhibitors have been studied in the deoxygenated produced water solutions containing 10 ppm and 100 ppm of hydrogen sulfide. Based on the experiment results the steel corrosion inhibition mechanism in discussed and two most effective corrosion inhibitors are selected.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2003

Apparent mechanical properties in structural components can be different from the initially designed values due to the formation of the residual stress in metal forming and welding. Therefore, the evaluation of residual stress has great importance in the reliability diagnosis of structural components. A nondestructive instrumented indentation technique has been proposed to evaluate various strength concerning mechanical properties from the analysis of load-depth curve. In this study, quantitative residual stress estimation on API X65 welded joints for natural gas pipeline was performed by analyzing the variation of indentation loading curve by residual stress through a new proposed theoretical model. The residual stress from the indentation method was compared with that from the saw-cutting method.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제81권5호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2022

The infrastructures such as offshore, bridges, power plant, oil and gas piping and aircraft operate in a harsh environment during their service life. Structural integrity of engineering components used in these industries is paramount for the reliability and economics of operation. Two regression models based on the concept of Gaussian process regression (GPR) and Minimax probability machine regression (MPMR) were developed to predict stress intensity factor range (𝚫K). Both GPR and MPMR are in the frame work of probability distribution. Models were developed by using the fatigue crack growth data in MATLAB by appropriately modifying the tools. Fatigue crack growth experiments were carried out on Eccentrically-loaded Single Edge notch Tension (ESE(T)) specimens made of API 5L X65 Grade steel in inert and corrosive environments (2.0% and 3.5% NaCl). The experiments were carried out under constant amplitude cyclic loading with a stress ratio of 0.1 and 5.0 Hz frequency (inert environment), 0.5 Hz frequency (corrosive environment). Crack growth rate (da/dN) and stress intensity factor range (𝚫K) values were evaluated at incremental values of loading cycle and crack length. About 70 to 75% of the data has been used for training and the remaining for validation of the models. It is observed that the predicted SIF range is in good agreement with the corresponding experimental observations. Further, the performance of the models was assessed with several statistical parameters, namely, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Coefficient of Efficiency (E), Root Mean Square Error to Observation's Standard Deviation Ratio (RSR), Normalized Mean Bias Error (NMBE), Performance Index (ρ) and Variance Account Factor (VAF).

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2002

최근의 건축물 내진 설계 추세에 맞추어, 박판의 냉간성형강으로 제작되는 스틸하우스 전단벽체의 내진 성능을 평가하였다. 시험체는 브레이싱의 종류에 따라 변수를 두었다. 반복가력의 결과로는 에너지소산 능력을 살펴보았는데, 브레이싱 부재로 형강을 사용한 시험체가 판재를 사용한 시험체 보다 우수하였다. 또한, 유사동적실험을 통해서는 면재를 사용한 전단벽체 보다. 스틸하우스 전단벽체 중 하나인 X-브레이싱 형태와 유사한 X2SPCH의 내진성능이 비교적 우수함이 판명되었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.168-179
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• 2022

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) occurring in underground buried pipes of API 5L X65 steel was investigated. MIC is a corrosion phenomenon caused by microorganisms in soil; it affects steel materials in wet atmosphere. The microstructure and mechanical properties resulting from MIC were analyzed by OM, SEM/EDS, and mapping. Corrosion of pipe cross section was composed of ① surface film, ② iron oxide, and ③ surface/internal microbial corrosive by-product similar to surface corrosion pattern. The surface film is an area where concentrations of C/O components are on average 65 %/16 %; the main components of Fe Oxide were measured and found to be 48Fe-42O. The MIC area is divided into surface and inner areas, where high concentrations of N of 6 %/5 % are detected, respectively, in addition to the C/O component. The high concentration of C/O components observed on pipe surfaces and cross sections is considered to be MIC due to the various bacteria present. It is assumed that this is related to the heat-shrinkable sheet, which is a corrosion-resistant coating layer that becomes the MIC by-product component. The MIC generated on the pipe surface and cross section is inferred to have a high concentration of N components. High concentrations of N components occur frequently on surface and inner regions; these regions were investigated and Na/Mg/Ca basic substances were found to have accumulated as well. Therefore, it is presumed that the corrosion of buried pipes is due to the MIC of the NRB (nitrate reducing bacteria) reaction in the soil.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2010

철골공사는 고소에서 작업을 하며 많은 위험요소가 따르며, 안전성과 생산성을 향상시키기 위해 로보틱 크레인개발을 위한 프로젝트가 진행되었다. 그 첫 번째 단계로서 실시간 양중위치를 추적하는 시스템을 개발하였는데, 본 연구에서는 이를 위하여 x, y, z 좌표를 쉽게 얻을 수 있는 GPS 센서를 사용하였다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 데이터의 정확도를 향상시키기 위해 2대의 GPS센서를 사용하였으며, RF모뎀을 이용한 무선인식 태그와 함께 통합된 양중경로 추적 시스템을 개발하였다. 개발된 무선인식 태그와 RF모뎀 기반의 GPS 센서는 함께 최대 1 km까지 안정적으로 신호를 전송할 수 있으며, GPS의 상대측위기법을 사용하여 그 오차를 평균 0.61 m까지 줄일 수 있다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.453-458
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• 2001

Pipelines have the highest capacity and are the safest and the least environmentally disruptive way for gas or oil transmission. Recently, failures due to corrosion defects have become of major concern in maintaining pipeline integrity. A number of solutions have been developed for the assessment of remaining strength of corroded pipelines. However, these solutions are known to be dependent on material properties and pipeline geometries. In this paper, a Fitness-For-Purpose type limit load solution for corroded gas pipelines made of the X65 steel is proposed. For this purpose, a series of burst tests with various types of corrosion defects are performed. Finite element simulations are carried out to derive an appropriate failure criterion. And then, further, extensive finite element analyses are performed to obtain the FFP type limit load solution for corroded X65 gas pipelines as a function of defect depth, length and pipeline geometry. And also, a window based computer program far the assessment of corrosion defect, which is named as COPAP(COrroded Pipeline Assessment Program) has been developed on the basis of proposed limit load solution.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 파이프라인에서 사용되는 API 5L 철강의 중심선 편석에 대해 다루고자 한다. Mn/S와 Nb 그리고 C는 파이프 두께 방향으로의 중심선에서 편석되는 요소로 알려져 있다. Mn은 일반적으로 긴 점성상을 이루는 S를 동반한다. 중심선의 미세조직은 MnS와 산소를 포함한 Nb/Ti로 구성되어 있는데 이 중심선 지역의 편석효과를 OM, SEM/EDS 및 마이크로비커스 경도기로 분석하였다. Mn, Nb 및 C는 오스테나이트가 페라이트 또는 마르텐사이트로 변태하는 것을 억제시키는 원소이다. 이러한 원소들은 마르텐사이트의 한 종류인 베이나이트 미세조직을 만들 수 있는데 이는 용융 및 열처리에서 얻어지는 중심선과 매트릭스 간의 원소 편석과는 다르다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2000

The development of high performance materials is very important subject in order to enhance the properties of bearings whose role is to transfer energy harmoniously by reducing the problem of friction and wear down, etc. between the interacting solid surfaces in relative motion under high loads in comply with mechanical operating mechanism of engines. In this study, several (100-x)Al-xSn coating films (where x=85, 75, 65 atomic % at Al) on substrates which are abt. 2mm thickenss of Kelmet layer sintered back steel were prepared by using RF sputtering system. These coating films were observed the morphology by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) and investigated the crystal structure by XRD(X-ray Diffractor) for their properties. And friction coefficient of these films was measured by ball-on-disc tester for their tribological properties. From the experimental results, it was shown that high performance properties of bearing can be improved greatly by controlling the composition and morphology of material surface with effective use of the plasma-assisted sputtering process.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2000

A series experiments were performed to evaluate mechanical behavior of non-oxide boride type ceramics formed on the AISI 1040 plain carbon steel. Boronizing was performed in a slurry salt bath consisting of borax, boric acid, and ferro-silicon at $950^{\circ}C$ for 2-6h. The AISI 1040 steel used as substrate material was containing 0.4%C, 0.13%Si, 0.65%Mn, 0.02%P, 0.014%S. The presence of non-oxide boride type ceramics $Fe_2B $ and FeB formed on the surface of steel was confirmed by metallographic technique and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The hardness of borides measured via Vickers indenter with a load of 2N reached a microhardness of up to 1800 DPN. The hardness of unborided steel was 185 DPN. The fracture toughness of borides measured by means of Vickers indenter with a load of 10N was about 2.30 MPa.$m^{1/2}$. The thickness of boride layers ranged from 72$\mu\textrm{m}$ to 145$\mu\textrm{m}$. Boride layers have a columnar morphology.