• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.20-31
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• 2008

A person's external image is a non-verbal form of communication, through which the person's tastes, mode of thought, preferences, and overall personality is expressed. The dominant factor in building an external image is clothing, since clothing-images provide the most information about a person in the least amount of time. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the clothing- images of women politicians and the improvement of women's social status in Korea, by focusing on changes in clothing-image of female politicians at public functions throughout modern Korean history, and inquiring into the method of classification concerning aforementioned images. The time period of this study starts from 1945, when the first female political party was established, to the 2008 presidential elections. The methodology of this study consists of literature study of related books, theses and journals, which was jointly conducted with empirical study consisting of the research of news photographs of major daily newspapers. This study confirmed the clothing images of women politicians since liberation till 2000's reflects the directions of women's movement and their status in return. It is especially meaningful that the sudden increase of romantic and feminine images among the women politician in Korea is the reflection of the ideas of postmodern feminism which emphasize the acknowledgement of womanhood and the enjoyment of being a woman as its core.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate nutritional knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors of adult women, and to examine if these characteristics were different by acne status. Subjects were 106 adult women residing in Seoul recruited from clients and employers at skin care centers, and housewives from apartment complexes. Surrey instrument was adapted or modified based on literature review and dietary intakes were assessed using 24-hour recalls for two days and CAN-pro. All data was statistically analyzed using x$^2$test and ANOVA. When examined by acne status, 41.5% of subjects were categorized into acne group, 20.8% were as ex-acne group, and 37.7% as no-acne group. Parental experience of acne was significantly related to acne status(p〈 0.01). Education, employmental status, and smoking or drinking status were not related to acne status. Subjects had a moderate level of nutritional knowledge(72.7 point) and the nutritional knowledge store was not significantly different by acne status. When examined by individual items, the groups showed significant difference on the items regarding vitamin C and necessity of carbohydrates(p 〈 0.05). Subjects showed favorable dietary attitudes. Although the acne group showed more favorable attitudes on the importance of nutrition on acne, the overall dietary attitudes of the acne group were not significantly different from the ex-acne group or no-acne group. Similarly only small differences were noticed in dietary behaviors or nutrient intakes by acne status. Cholesterol consumption was hitgher in the no-acne group than in the acne group or ex-acne group(p 〈 0.01). The intakes of energy, iron, and calcium was much below the RDA in three groups. Although there were not many significant differences in nutritional knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors by acne status, this study provided some baseline information regarding study variables by acne status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.215-227
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• 1996

This study was conducted to assess biochemical nutritional status and health status of 53 men and 130 women aged over 65 years and residing in low-income areas in Seoul. Nutritional status and health status were determined by hematological analysis, incidence of disease, and clinical symptoms. Mean serum cholesterol levels were 159.7mg/dl in men and 182.4mg/dl in women and triglyceride levels were 124.6mg/dl in men and 130.6mg/dl in women. The serum lipid levels were higher in women than in men, and 88% of the subjects belonged to normal range and 12% belonged to hyper lipid. The mean hematological indices.; Hb, Hct, RBC, MCH, serum iron belonged to normal ranges. The proportion of anemic state were 16~18% in men and 20~25% in women. Mean serum Ca, Cu and Zn levels were 9.4mg/dl, $84.2\mu\textrm{g}/dl$ and $75.8\mu\textrm{g}/dl$ for male and $9.5\mu\textrm{g}/dl$, $88.3\mu\textrm{g}/dl$ and $75.6\mu\textrm{g}/dl$ for female, respectively. However, proportion of low Ca, Cu and Zn status were 8~20%, 77~84% and 12~34%, respectively. The biochemical indices were not significantly different according to age, BMI, obesity rate. Cholesterol, RBC, MCH and serum iron levels were significantly different between men and women. (Korean J Community Nutrition 1(2) : 215-227, 1996)

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2006

Purpose: The study was done to identify the perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living(ADL+IADL) of elderly women and men, and to define the difference between the two groups. In addition this study investigated the relationships among the variables of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living of both groups. Method: The subjects of this study were 579 elderly people over 65 years living in urban area. Data was collected through personal interviews using questionnaires from March to October 2005. Data was analyzed with the SPSS program. Result: There was a significant difference of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living(ADL+IADL) between the elderly women and men groups. There was a significant relationship among variables of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living in elderly men. However, there was no significant relationship among the variables in elderly women. Conclusion: The findings of this study give useful information for constructing an intervention program and care for elderly women and men.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.198-210
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was to develop a health promotion program for marriage immigrant women and to evaluate its efficacy. Methods: The health promotion program was comprised of eight 100-minute weekly sessions. Each session included understanding of health responsibility, nutrition, physical activity, interpersonal relations, stress management, and self actualization. The research was conducted under the principles of nonequivalent control group pretest-post test design. The outcome variables were health promoting behavior, health status, acculturation, self efficacy, and perceived barrier. The participants were 15 immigrant women in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. Data was analyzed using ${\chi}^2$ test, Fisher's exact test, Mann Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: There was a significant improvement in health promoting behaviors (U=-3.08, p=.002), left shoulder flexibility (U=-3.02, p=.003), right shoulder flexibility (U=-3.02, p=.003), low back flexibility (U=-3.37, p=.001), social health status (U=-3.38 p=.001) and subjective health status (U=-2.17 p=.030) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The health promotion program for marriage immigrant women was an effective intervention for improving health promoting behavior, physical health status, social health, and subjective health status. Therefore, the developed health promotion program needs to be applied to married immigrant women in other kinds nursing care settings in future research.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1174-1182
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional status and the immunocompetence of elderly women residing in urban and rural areas. Dietary food records and anthropometric measurements were used to evaluate the nutritional status of subjects. The immune function of subjects was assessed by total and differential white blood cell(WBC) counts. Total B and T Lymphocytes, and T cell subsets were quantified by flow-cytometer. Immunoglobulin G, A, and M concentrations were also measured as an index of humoral immunity. Elderly women in rural area showed a relatively lower dietary intake of total energy, protein, and iron than did urban elderly women. Total WBC, neutrophil counts, eosinophil counts, and the percentage of neutrophils among total leukocytes were significantly higher in urban elderly women than in rural women. Although the numbers of lymphocytes were not significantly different, the percentage of Lymphocytes among total leukocytes as greater in rural elderly women than in urban. Both groups did not show any significant differences in numbers of T cell subsets and NK cells. Immunoglobulin G, A, and M levels were not significantly different between the two groups, but the numbers of subjects placed under the deficient range of immunoglobulins were greater in rural than in urban elderly women. from the present study, it could be suggested that poor nutritional intake may selectively affect the number of immune cells, thereby influencing the immunocompetence of elderly women. (Korean J Nutrition 31(7) 1174-1182, 1998)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1427-1436
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factor on Symptoms of Stress of Middle Aged Women. The subjects of this study were 35 middle aged women who lives in Seattle, Washington in U.S, and 74 middle aged women who lives in Seoul. Data collection was performed at the University of Washington and Seoul from Oct. 1998 to May. 1999. Data collected through 4 types of questionnaires : SOS, Ways of Coping, Mood Status, Perceived Stress. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The stress symptoms showed positive correlation with emotion-oriented coping, mood status, and perceives stress. 2. Stepwised multiple regression analysis revealed that most powerful predictor of Stress Symptoms was mood status. A combination of perceived stress, mood status and ways of coping account for 64% of the variance in Symptoms of stress in Middle aged women. From the results of the study, the following recommendations are presented as follow: 1. It is necessary to replicate this study with a larger sample. 2. It is necessary to develop a stress management program focused on ways of coping, mood status, perceived stress for middle aged women.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2004

An increasing number of women are becoming victims of their smoking habits. Cigarette smoking is implicated as a major cause or several chronic diseases. This study was performed to investigate the nutritional status associated with smoking and other factors like drinking or fruit and vegetable consumption frequency in Korean adult women. The 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey provided the current adult women sample (n = 2900), who were categorized as smoking (n= 141) and nonsmoking group (n = 2759). The smoking women declared significantly lower intakes of carbohydrate, calcium and vitamin C and higher alcohol than nonsmokers, but with nonsignificant difference of BMI. The smoking and drinking group showed the lowest intakes in most of the nutrients, the lowest BMI and significantly elevated blood pressure. The smoking group with fruit and vegetable consumption frequency less than 3 times a day also showed lower intakes of most of the nutrients and significantly higher systolic blood pressure. Less proportion of smokers perceived their health status very good or good and more smokers felt depressed often. In conclusion it seems cigarette smoking is associated with the decreased nutrient intakes in adults women. When smoking is connected with other unhealthy dietary habits like drinking or lower fruit and vegetable consumption, it may exacerbate the nutritional status and cause elevated blood pressure.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between spiritual well-being, depression, and health status of elderly women in a community for providing the basic data necessary to improve the practice of nursing. Method: The participants were 295 elderly women, over 65 years old in Gwangju and Kyongbuk province, Korea. The data were collected between April 15th and June 15, 2003 using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS Win 8.0. Result: Factors such as religious belief (p<.001), type of religion (p<.001), participation of worship (p<.001), significance of religion (p<.001), education(p=.001), spouse(p=.015), financial supporter(p=.001), and living satisfaction(p<.001) showed a statistically significant relation with spiritual well-being. There was a negative correlation between spiritual well-being and depression(r=-0.32, p<.001),and between health status and depression(r=-0.50, p<.001). However, there was a positive correlation between spiritual well-being and health status(r=0.32, p<.001). Conclusion: In order to promote spiritual well-being in elderly women, it is necessary to develop a nursing intervention program classified by the type of religions, followed by studies on the results of proven intervention programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.393-400
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• 2001

We examined the relationship between plasma folate and total homocysteine(Hcy) levels and the distribution of plasma folate and Hcy levels from 204 Korean adults(113 men and 91 women aged between 20yr and 69yr). Plasma folate levels were significantly lower in men(12.2nmol/L) than in women(14.6nmol/L) after controlling for smoking and drinking(p<0.05). Plasma Hcy levels were significantly higher in men(13.9$\mu$mol/L) than in women(11.8$\mu$mol/L) after controlling and drinking. Plasma Hcy levels were more more strongly correlated with plasma folate in women(${\gamma}$=-0.321, p<0.05) than in men(${\gamma}$=-0.202, p<0.05), but the difference between men and women was no longer statistically significant controlling for plasma folate concentration. Prevalence of mild homocysteinemia(plama Hcy>15$\mu$mol/L) was greatest among subjects with lowest folate status. These results indicate a strong association between plasma Hcy concentration and folate status and the poor folate status is the strong causative factor of mild homocysteinemia. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 393~400, 2001)