• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.450-467
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• 1998

To research the characteristics of ion currents induced by inhibitory and excitatory herbs of oriental medicine, we used nystatin-perforated patch clamp technique under voltage clamp condition in periaqueductal gray neuron dissociated from Sprauge-Dawley rat, 10-15 days old. The results are as follows. 1. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Bupleuri Radix was inhibited $59.50{\pm}4.29%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p>0.01) but inhibition of $10.75{\pm}4.77%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine and $4.75{\pm}4.23%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no statistical significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Bupleuri Radix revealed only GABA induced $Cl^-$ current, not acetylcholine and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 2. Ion current induced by $20mg/m{\ell}$ of Coptidis Rhizoma was inhibited $47.20{\pm}7.88%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.01) but $3.20{\pm}2.33%$ inhibition by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine and $1.00{\pm}1.00%$ inhibition by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Coptidis Rhizoma revealed only GABA induced $Cl^-$ current, not acetylcholine and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 3. Ion current induced by $20mg/m{\ell}$ of Ecliptae Herba was inhibited $55.00{\pm}4.92%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline (p<0.01), and also inhibited $15.00{\pm}4.26%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), but inhibition of $6.00{\pm}3.03%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Ecliptae Herba showed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current, not $Ca^{2+}$ current 4. Ion current induced by $5mg/m{\ell}$ of Liriopis Tuber was inhibited $15.20{\pm}4.57%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline<0.05) and also inhibited $14.00{\pm}3.00%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), but inhibition of $5.20{\pm}4.80%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil had no significance(p>0.05). So ion current induced by Liriopis Tuber showed GABA. activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current, not $Ca^{2+}$ current. 5. Ion current induced by $5mg/m{\ell}$ of Aconiti Tuber was inhibited $97.00{\pm}1.34%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.01), $80.00{\pm}9.83%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.01), and $24.00{\pm}6.18%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil(p<0.05). So ion current induced by Aconiti Tuber revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 6. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Zingiberis Rhizoma was inhibited $33.00{\pm}7.43%$ by $10^{-4}$ bicuculline(p<0.05), $10.20{\pm}1.83%$ by $10-^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.01), and $14.00{\pm}2.16%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamil(p<0.01) So ion current induced by Zingiberis Rhizoma revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation outtent and $Ca^{2+}$ current. 7. Ion current induced by $10mg/m{\ell}$ of Boshniakiae Herba was inhibited $65.00{\pm}13.75%$ by $10^{-4}M$ bicuculline(p<0.05), $38.00{\pm}9.24%$ by $10^{-4}M$ tubocurarine(p<0.05), and $33.25{\pm}7.42%$ by $10^{-4}M$ verapamiHp<0.05). So ion current induced by Bpshniakiae Herba revealed GABA activated $Cl^-$ current and acetylcholine activated cation current and $Ca^{2+}$ current. These results suggest that a point of difference between inhibitory and excitatory herbs is existence of$Ca^{2+}$ current.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.555-565
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the biological stability of the zirconia/alumina composite abutment by histologic and radiographic examination in clinical cases. 17 partially edentulous patients (5 men and 12 women, mean age 47) were treated with 37 implants. The implants were placed following the standard two-stage protocol. After a healing period of 3 to 6 months, zirconia/alumina composite abutments were connected. All radiographs were taken using paralleling technique with individually fabricated impression bite block, following insertion of the prosthesis and at the 3-, 6-, 12 month re-examinations. After processing the obtained images, the osseous level was calculated using the digital image in the mesial and distal aspect in each implant. An ANOVA and t-test were used to test for difference between the baseline and 3-, 6-, 12 months re-examinations, and for difference between maxilla and mandible. Differences at P <0.05 were considered statistically significant. For histologic examination, sample was obtained from the palatal gingiva which implant functioned for 12 months. Sections were examined under a light microscope under various magnifications. Clinically, no abutment fracture or crack as well as periimplantitis was observed during the period of study. The mean bone level reduction(${\pm}standard$ deviation) was 0.34 rom(${\pm}\;0.26$) at 3-months, 0.4 2mm(${\pm}\;0.30$) at 6-months, 0.62 mm(${\pm}\;0.28$) at 12-months respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between baseline and 3-, 6-, 12-months re-examinations (p > 0.05). The mean bone level reduction in maxilla was 0.33(${\pm}0.25$) at 3-months, 0.36(${\pm}0.33$) at 6-months, 0.56(${\pm}0.26$) at 12-months. And the mean bone level reduction in mandible was 0.35(${\pm}0.27$) at 3-months, 0,49(${\pm}0.27$) at 6-months, 0.68(${\pm}0.30$) at 12-months. No statistical difference in bone level reduction between implants placed in the maxilla and mandible. Histologically, the height of the junctional epithelium was about 2.09 mm. And the width was about 0.51 mm. Scattered fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, and dense collagen network with few vascular structures characterized the portion of connective tissue. The inflammatory cell infiltration was observed just beneath the apical end of junctional epithelium and the area of direct in contact with zirconia/alumina abutment. These results suggest the zirconia/alumina composite abutment can be used in variable intraoral condition, in posterior segment as well as anterior segment without adverse effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.618-625
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• 2009

The purposes of this study were to evaluate food safety knowledge and to assess home food safety performance of home-delivered meal service recipients. Two facilities providing home-delivered meal services for older adults were located in Seoul. A total of 120 service recipients were surveyed using an individual interview technique and 97 responses were used for data analysis. A statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS program (ver.14) for descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation analysis. The majority of the participants were 70 years old or older and females. They perceived their health status as poor or very poor and took more than one kind of medicines. An average score of the food safety knowledge test was 11.48 based on 18 points (63.8%). The results revealed that the older adults knew the importance of hand washing but were not aware of when and how to wash hands. There was room to improve knowledge on cleaning and sanitizing fresh fruits and using wiping cloth. The knowledge score for each category was not significantly different by gender and age. The home food safety practices of the older adults was rated as 2.8 out of 4 points; the highest score was associated for proper food handling category and the lowest score was for cleaning and sanitizing. The worst performance was related to managing hand cuts and wounds (1.96). The total knowledge score and an average performance score were significantly correlated (p<0.01). Food safety education programs targeting the older adults who receive home-delivered meal services would improve the recipients' food safety knowledge and practices related to consumption of the meals at home. The programs should focus on not only improving food safety knowledge but also changing food safety practices.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.10B no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 2003

A large number of features are collected for problem solving in real life, but to utilize ail the features collected would be difficult. It is not so easy to collect of correct data about all features. In case it takes advantage of all collected data to learn, complicated learning model is created and good performance result can't get. Also exist interrelationships or hierarchical relations among the features. We can reduce feature's number analyzing relation among the features using heuristic knowledge or statistical method. Heuristic technique refers to learning through repetitive trial and errors and experience. Experts can approach to relevant problem domain through opinion collection process by experience. These properties can be utilized to reduce the number of feature used in learning. Experts generate a new feature (highly abstract) using raw data. This paper describes machine learning model that reduce the number of features used in learning using heuristic function and use abstracted feature by neural network's input value. We have applied this model to the win/lose prediction in pro-baseball games. The result shows the model mixing two techniques not only reduces the complexity of the neural network model but also significantly improves the classification accuracy than when neural network and heuristic model are used separately.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate which type of Ni-Ti files are able to maintain canal configuration better in the simulated canal with abrupt curvature near it's apex. Ninety six simulated root canals were made in epoxy resin and $\sharp$15 finger spreader was used as root canal templates. The simulated root canals were made with radius of curvature of 1.5mm, 3.0mm, 4.0mm, 6.0mm respectively and the angle of curvature of all simulated canals were adjusted to 90 degree. The simulated canals were instrumented by ProFile, ProTaper, Hero 642, and $K^3$ at a 300 rpm using crown-down pressureless technique. Pre-instrumented and post-instrumented images were taken by digital camera and were superimposed with Adobe Photos hop 6.0 program. Images were compared by image analysis program. The changes of canal width at the inner and outer side of the canal curvature. canal transportation were measured at 9 measuring point with 1 mm interval. Statistical analysis among the types of Ni-Ti files was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test. The result was that ProFile maintain original canal configuration better than other engine driven Ni-Ti files in the canals above 3.0mm radius of curvature, and in the 1.5mm radius of curvature, most of Ni-Ti flies were deformed or separated during instrumentation.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.287-292
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• 2001

Prupose : We analyzed setup errors induced by using air-vacuum cushion as immobilization device in patients with rectal cancer. Materials and methods : We had treated the twenty patients with rectal cancer by 6 MV, 10 MV X-ray from Aug. 1998 to Aug. 1999 at Chungnam National University Hospital. All patients were treated at prone position. They were separated to two groups, control group, 10 patients using styrofoam, and test group, 10 patients using styrofoam and air-vacuum cushion. We measured errors of posterior field for x, y axis and lateral field for z, y axis with simulation film and EPID image using a matching technique. Results : In control group, the mean displacement values of pelvic bone landmark for x axis and y axis were 0.02 mm. 0.78 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic error were 2.13 mm, 2.40 mm, respectively and the standard deviation of random error were 1.46 mm. 1.51 mm, respectively. In test group, the mean displacement values of x axis and y axis were -0.33 mm. 0.81 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic error were 1.71 mm, 3.08 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of random errors were 1.40 mm. 1.88 mm, respectively. The mean displacement values of z axis and y axis were 2.98 mm. 0.74 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic error were 4.75 mm, 2.65 mm, respectively and standard deviations of random error were 2.69 mm. 1.86 mm, respectively. The statistical difference of field size by using air vacuum cushion between two groups in posterior direction and lateral direction was not shown. Conclusion : We think that use of air-vacuum cushion may not be an advantage for improving setup accuracy in rectal cancer patients.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.21-39
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• 2013

As the utilization of information technology and the turbulence of technological change increase in organizations, the adoption of IT outsourcing also grows to manage IT resource more effectively and efficiently. In this new way of IT management technique, service level management(SLM) process becomes critical to derive success from the outsourcing in the view of end users in organization. Even though much of the research on service level management or agreement have been done during last decades, the performance of the service level management process have not been evaluated in terms of final objectives of the management efforts or success from the view of end-users. This study explores the relationship between SLM maturity and IT outsourcing success from the users' point of view by a analytical case study in four client organizations under an IT outsourcing vendor, which is a member company of a major Korean conglomerate. For setting up a model for the analysis, previous researches on service level management process maturity and information systems success are reviewed. In particular, information systems success from users' point of view are reviewed based the DeLone and McLean's study, which is argued and accepted as a comprehensively tested model of information systems success currently. The model proposed in this study argues that SLM process maturity influences information systems success, which is evaluated in terms of information quality, systems quality, service quality, and net effect proposed by DeLone and McLean. SLM process maturity can be measured in planning process, implementation process and operation and evaluation process. Instruments for measuring the factors in the proposed constructs of information systems success and SL management process maturity were collected from previous researches and evaluated for securing reliability and validity, utilizing appropriate statistical methods and pilot tests before exploring the case study. Four cases from four different companies under one vendor company were utilized for the analysis. All of the cases had been contracted in SLA(Service Level Agreement) and had implemented ITIL(IT Infrastructure Library), Six Sigma and BSC(Balanced Scored Card) methods since last several years, which means that all the client organizations pursued concerted efforts to acquire quality services from IT outsourcing from the organization and users' point of view. For comparing the differences among the four organizations in IT out-sourcing sucess, T-test and non-parametric analysis have been applied on the data set collected from the organization using survey instruments. The process maturities of planning and implementation phases of SLM are found not to influence on any dimensions of information systems success from users' point of view. It was found that the SLM maturity in the phase of operations and evaluation could influence systems quality only from users' view. This result seems to be quite against the arguments in IT outsourcing practices in the fields, which emphasize usually the importance of planning and implementation processes upfront in IT outsourcing projects. According to after-the-fact observation by an expert in an organization participating in the study, their needs and motivations for outsourcing contracts had been quite familiar already to the vendors as long-term partners under a same conglomerate, so that the maturity in the phases of planning and implementation seems not to be differentiating factors for the success of IT outsourcing. This study will be the foundation for the future research in the area of IT outsourcing management and success, in particular in the service level management. And also, it could guide managers in practice in IT outsourcing management to focus on service level management process in operation and evaluation stage especially for long-term outsourcing contracts under very unique context like Korean IT outsourcing projects. This study has some limitations in generalization because the sample size is small and the context itself is confined in an unique environment. For future exploration, survey based research could be designed and implemented.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2015

Purpose Principal component analysis (PCA) is a method often used in the neuroimagre analysis as a multivariate analysis technique for describing the structure of high dimensional correlation as the structure of lower dimensional space. PCA is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of correlated variables into a set of values of linearly independent variables called principal components. In this study, in order to investigate the usefulness of PCA in the brain PET image analysis, we tried to analyze C[11]-PIB PET image as a representative case. Materials and Methods Nineteen subjects were included in this study (normal = 9, AD/MCI = 10). For C[11]-PIB, PET scan were acquired for 20 min starting 40 min after intravenous injection of 9.6 MBq/kg C[11]-PIB. All emission recordings were acquired with the Biograph 6 Hi-Rez (Siemens-CTI, Knoxville, TN) in three-dimensional acquisition mode. Transmission map for attenuation-correction was acquired using the CT emission scans (130 kVp, 240 mA). Standardized uptake values (SUVs) of C[11]-PIB calculated from PET/CT. In normal subjects, 3T MRI T1-weighted images were obtained to create a C[11]-PIB template. Spatial normalization and smoothing were conducted as a pre-processing for PCA using SPM8 and PCA was conducted using Matlab2012b. Results Through the PCA, we obtained linearly uncorrelated independent principal component images. Principal component images obtained through the PCA can simplify the variation of whole C[11]-PIB images into several principal components including the variation of neocortex and white matter and the variation of deep brain structure such as pons. Conclusion PCA is useful to analyze and extract the main pattern of C[11]-PIB image. PCA, as a method of multivariate analysis, might be useful for pattern recognition of neuroimages such as FDG-PET or fMRI as well as C[11]-PIB image.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.141-168
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• 2001

Healthcare service organizations can apply the cost of quality(COQ) model as a method to evaluate a service quality improvement project such as Total Quality Management (TQM). COQ model has been used to quantify and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of TQM project through estimation between cost and benefit in intervention for a quality Improvement to provide satisfied services for a customer, and to identify a non value added process. For estimating cost of quality, We used activities and activity costs based on Activity Based Costing(ABC) system. These procedures let the researchers know whether the process is value-added by each activity, and identify a process to require improvement in TQM project. Through the series of procedures, health care organizations are service organizations can identify a problem in their quality improvement programs, solve the problem, and improve their quality of care for their costumers with optimized cost. The study subject was a quality improvement program of the department of radiology department in a hospital with n bed sizes in Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The principal source of data for developing the COQ model was total cases of retaking shots for diagnoses during five months period from December of the 1998 to April of the 1999 in the department. First of the procedures, for estimating activity based cost of the department of diagnostic radiology, the researchers analyzed total department health insurance claims to identify activities and activity costs using one year period health insurance claims from September of the 1998 to August of the 1999. COQ model in this study applied Simpson & Multher's COQ(SM's COQ) model, and SM's COQ model divided cost of quality into failure cost with external and internal failure cost, and evaluation/prevention cost. The researchers identified contents for cost of quality, defined activities and activity costs for each content with the SM's COQ model, and finally made the formula for estimating activity costs relating to implementing service quality improvement program. The results from the formula for estimating cost of quality were following: 1. The reasons for retaking shots were largely classified into technique, appliances, patients, quality management, non-appliances, doctors, and unclassified. These classifications by reasons were allocated into each office doing re-taking shots. Therefore, total retaking shots categorized by reasons and offices, the researchers identified internal and external failure costs based on these categories. 2. The researchers have developed cost of quality (COQ) model, identified activities by content for cost of quality, assessed activity driving factors and activity contribution rate, and calculated total cost by each content for cost for quality, except for activity cost. 3. According to estimation of cost of quality for retaking shots in department of diagnostic radiology, the failure cost was ￦35,880, evaluation/preventive cost was ￦72,521, two times as much as failure cost. The proportion between internal failure cost and external failure cost in failure cost is similar. The study cannot identify trends on input cost and quality improving in cost of qualify over the time, because the study employs cross-sectional design. Even with this limitation, results of this study are much meaningful. This study shows possibility to evaluate value on the process of TQM subjects using activities and activity costs by ABC system, and this study can objectively evaluate quality improvement program through quantitative comparing input costs with marginal benefits in quality improvement.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.97-113
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• 2016

Due to the growth of internet data and the rapid development of internet technology, "big data" analysis is actively conducted to analyze enormous data for various purposes. Especially in recent years, a number of studies have been performed on the applications of text mining techniques in order to overcome the limitations of existing structured data analysis. Various studies on sentiment analysis, the part of text mining techniques, are actively studied to score opinions based on the distribution of polarity of words in documents. Usually, the sentiment analysis uses sentiment dictionary contains positivity and negativity of vocabularies. As a part of such studies, this study tries to construct sentiment dictionary which is customized to specific data domain. Using a common sentiment dictionary for sentiment analysis without considering data domain characteristic cannot reflect contextual expression only used in the specific data domain. So, we can expect using a modified sentiment dictionary customized to data domain can lead the improvement of sentiment analysis efficiency. Therefore, this study aims to suggest a way to construct customized dictionary to reflect characteristics of data domain. Especially, in this study, movie review data are divided by genre and construct genre-customized dictionaries. The performance of customized dictionary in sentiment analysis is compared with a common sentiment dictionary. In this study, IMDb data are chosen as the subject of analysis, and movie reviews are categorized by genre. Six genres in IMDb, 'action', 'animation', 'comedy', 'drama', 'horror', and 'sci-fi' are selected. Five highest ranking movies and five lowest ranking movies per genre are selected as training data set and two years' movie data from 2012 September 2012 to June 2014 are collected as test data set. Using SO-PMI (Semantic Orientation from Point-wise Mutual Information) technique, we build customized sentiment dictionary per genre and compare prediction accuracy on review rating. As a result of the analysis, the prediction using customized dictionaries improves prediction accuracy. The performance improvement is 2.82% in overall and is statistical significant. Especially, the customized dictionary on 'sci-fi' leads the highest accuracy improvement among six genres. Even though this study shows the usefulness of customized dictionaries in sentiment analysis, further studies are required to generalize the results. In this study, we only consider adjectives as additional terms in customized sentiment dictionary. Other part of text such as verb and adverb can be considered to improve sentiment analysis performance. Also, we need to apply customized sentiment dictionary to other domain such as product reviews.