• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

Objectives: We investigated the factors related to health examination behaviors, sociodemographic aspects and lifestyles of elderly persons with different social backgrounds, and compared sexual and regional differences in urban and rural elderlies. Methods: The total study subjects(464 individuals) from urban(236) and rural areas(228), recruited by a stratified cluster random sampling were interviewed and examined about their sociodemographic profiles, daily lifestyles, subjective health status, conditions concerning use of medical resources, hearing acuity, visual acuity and ADL(activity of daily living), and whether they receive health examination or not. For statistical analysis, Chi-square test was used for sexual and regional comparisons among the groups who have been given a health examination and the one who have not. Results: In urban areas, the rate of having underwent health examination was 54.5% in men and 46.9% in women, and in rural areas, it was 59.8% in men and 42.7% in women, showing its higher rate in men than in women in both areas. For regional differences between the group who have taken a health examination and the one who have not, there was a significant difference in terms of age, family pattern, current job, monthly household income, owning a house, drinking status, eating habit, subjective health status, whether they have taken outpatient medical service for the recent 3 months or not, anxiety for the health, and IADL conditions according to whether the community is rural or urban. In multiple regressions, the influential factors on the health examination behaviors were selected such as having their own house, their family doctor, amnesia, urinary incontinence and chronic disease in urban districts. But in rural districts, the variables were selected such as having or not of their family doctor, urinary incontinence, anxiety for the health, educational level, their own house and chronic disease. Conclusions: It is suggested that the approach to the health examination of an older patient requires substantial consideration of highly variable individual sociodemographic characteristics involving regional attributes as well as their daily life styles, subjective health status, status of performing health examination, physical health status and ADL conditions.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.480-483
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• 2003

Purpose : We evaluated clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with measles according to C-reactive protein(CRP) concentration. Methods : A retrospective analysis was performed using the medical records of patients with measles at The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital from October 1999 to May 2000. We divided the patients with measles into four groups according to CRP level, i.e., those with below 5 mg/L(134 patients, negative group), those with 6-19 mg/L(85 patients), those with 20-49 mg/L(27 patients), and those over 50 mg/L(7 patients). We compared clinical and laboratory characteristics among these four groups. Results : The mean CRP level of all patients was $11.1{\pm}7.5mg/L$. No statistical differences were present between the negative group and the 6-19 mg/L group or the 20-49 mg/L group in the duration of fever, hospitalization days, complications determined with longer hospitalization for more than eight days, white blood cell count, and incidence of hepatitis. Compared with the negative group, the over 50 mg/L group showed a longer duration of fever($4.7{\pm}1.7$ vs $7.2{\pm}3.9days$), duration of hospitalization($5.4{\pm}1.4$ vs $9.4{\pm}4.7days$), incidence of complications(5.2% vs 42.9%) and a higher mean level of WBC count($5,900{\pm}2,700/mm^3$ vs $12,700{\pm}6,700/mm^3$). With an increasing CRP level, there was a tendency for the duration of fever, complications and WBC count to increase. However the levels of liver enzymes(AST/ALT) were not associated with CRP level. Conclusion : A CRP level of over 50 mg/L in measles is associated with severity and complications.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2013

The present study was performed to assess the worth of using the by products for seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) ethanol production process (SEPPB) as broiler feeds. For this purpose, 225 broiler chicks (white mini broilers) were used as experimental animals. The control (Control group) was fed with the broiler feeds. 5% mixture (5% SEPPB group) was fed with a 5% SEPPB mixture feeds, and the 10% mixture (10% SEPPB group) was fed with a 10% SEPPB group mixture feeds. The experiment was repeated for five times and 15 birds were assigned in each experiment and the experimental period was five weeks. There was no difference in the rate of weight gain until the second week of the 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group. However, the weight gain rate was increased to 6.2% for the 5% SEPPB group and 11.4% for the 10% SEPPB group as compared to the Control group at the third weeks of the experimental period. There was no statistical significant difference in terms of feed FCR and feed intake. Analyses of the quality of chicken breasts showed that pH was 2.5% higher in the 5% SEPPB group and 2.3% higher in the 10% SEPPB group. Shearing force was 31.3% lower in the 5% SEPPB group and 14.7% lower in the 10% SEPPB group, while heating loss was 14.4% lower for 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group when compared to the Control group. No significant differences were observed in terms of moisture, protein, and crude ash components in chicken breast analyses. However, crude fat was 36.8% higher in the 5% SEPPB group when compared to the Control group (P<0.05). Analyses of fatty acid in chicken breast meat showed that stearic acid was significantly higher in the 10% SEPPB group (P<0.05) and linolenic acid was significantly higher in 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group in comparison to the Control group (P<0.05). Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in blood serum was 44% higher in the 5% SEPPB group and 36% higher in the 10% SEPPB group (P<0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was similar in both the Control and the 5% SEPPB group, but it was 62% higher in the 10% SEPPB group in comparison to the Control group (P<0.05). Analyses of serum chemical values revealed that albumin was the highest in the 5% SEPPB group, followed by the Control group and then 10% SEPPB group.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.451-463
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• 2018

The empirical/statistical models to estimate the ground Particulate Matter ($PM_{2.5}$) concentration from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product were developed and analyzed for the period of 2015 in Seoul, South Korea. In the model construction of AOD-$PM_{2.5}$, two vertical correction methods using the planetary boundary layer height and the vertical ratio of aerosol, and humidity correction method using the hygroscopic growth factor were applied to respective models. The vertical correction for AOD and humidity correction for $PM_{2.5}$ concentration played an important role in improving accuracy of overall estimation. The multiple linear regression (MLR) models with additional meteorological factors (wind speed, visibility, and air temperature) affecting AOD and $PM_{2.5}$ relationships were constructed for the whole year and each season. As a result, determination coefficients of MLR models were significantly increased, compared to those of empirical models. In this study, we analyzed the seasonal, monthly and diurnal characteristics of AOD-$PM_{2.5}$model. when the MLR model is seasonally constructed, underestimation tendency in high $PM_{2.5}$ cases for the whole year were improved. The monthly and diurnal patterns of observed $PM_{2.5}$ and estimated $PM_{2.5}$ were similar. The results of this study, which estimates surface $PM_{2.5}$ concentration using geostationary satellite AOD, are expected to be applicable to the future GK-2A and GK-2B.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.351-382
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• 2007

This study seeks to analyze various aspects of women's fear of sexual crime committed against them within the Seoul metropolitan subway system, which takes center stage in public transportation today in Korea; that is, among different kinds of fear of crime, women's fear of sexual crime is empirically examined, and it is expected that the results of this study shall serve as an important basis for future policy-making, so that the fear of sexual crime against women in the subway system could be reduced. To the end, this study aims first, to investigate the real picture of women's using the subway and their attire, second, to look into the amount of information on such crime obtained and the level of its awareness, third, to analyze the characteristics of the fear of sexual crime in the subway system, and lastly, to empirically examine the relationship between women's regular women's regular attire/their level of information on such crime obtained and their fear of sexual crime. As a quantitative research method to discover facts, this study utilizes reality-analyztical and technical research methods, and for its final statistical analysis, uses questionnaire answered and returned by 509 women, out of a total of 520 female commuters on the Seoul metropolitan subway system who had originally been requested to participate in the survey. The result of this study demonstrates that the level of women's fear of sexual crime on the subway is relatively high. In detail, the higher their monthly income is, the more fearful women feel on the subway; it has also been found that women living in housing they own or in leased housing on deposits (Jeonse) fear sexual crime on the subway more than those living in the other forms of housing. However, the level of fear has been found to be low for those types of sexual crime judged to be relatively unlikely to be committed. Lastly the result of the relationship between women's regular attire/their level of information on such crime obtained and their fear of sexual crime is relatively high and very effective.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the psychosocial characteristics of functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) in patients with psychiatric disorders. Methods : This study was conducted with 144 outpatients visiting the psychiatric clinic at a university hospital. FGIDs were screened according to the Rome III questionnaire-Korean version. Demographic factors were investigated, and psychosocial factors were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Korean, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Chisquared test and student's t-test were used as statistical analysis methods. Results : There were differences in education level between two groups divided according to FGID status (${\chi}^2=10.139$, p=0.017). Comparing the psychiatric disorder by FGID group, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) group showed significant differences (${\chi}^2=11.408$, p=0.022). According to FGID status, IBS group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-3.106, p=0.002), depressive symptom (t=-2.105, p=0.037), somatic symptom (t=-3.565, p<0.001), trait anger (t=-3.683, p<0.001), anger-in (t=-2.463, p=0.015), and anger-out (t=-2.355, p=0.020). Functional dyspepsia group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-4.893, p<0.001), depressive symptom (t=-3.459, p<0.001), somatic symptom (t=-7.906, p<0.001), trait-anger (t=-4.148, p<0.001), state-anger (t=-2.181, p=0.031), anger-in (t=-2.684, p=0.008), and anger-out (t=-3.005, p=0.003). Nonerosive reflux disease group showed significant differences for anxiety (t=-4.286, p<0.001), depressive symptom (t=-3.402, p<0.001), somatic symptom (t=-7.162, p<0.001), trait anger (t=-2.994, p=0.003), state anger (t=-2.259, p=0.025), anger-in (t=-2.772, p=0.006), and anger-out (t=-2.958, p=0.004). Conclusions : Patients with psychiatric disorders had a high prevalence of FGID, and various psychosocial factors contributed to such differences. Therefore, the psychiatric approach can offer better understandings and treatments to patients with FGID.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1992

To ditermine the accumulation of Cu and Pb in crops grown on Sludge-treated Soils, four crop plants, green onion(A Ilium ascalonicum L.), radish(Raphanus sativus L.), potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) and Chinese cabbage(Brassica pekinensis Rupr), were grown in greenhouses on soils treated with municipal sewage sludge at different levels of 0, 22.5, 45, and 90ton/ha as soil dry weight. The contant of heavy metals were analyzed in plant parts of the crop species and the statistical characteristics were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. Cu and Pb contents in experimental plants were increased in accordance with quanti of sludge applied. 2. Accumulation of Cu and Pb in leaves of plants was increased in order of radish

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.2177-2190
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• 1971

This experiment was made to determienthe effect of various soil moisture contents in simulated drought conditions on different stages of rice growth. The drought conditions were developed at such three rice-growing stages as transplanting, immediately after transplanting and young ear forming. Three different lengths of drought periods, which are ten days, twenty days and thirty days, were applied for each growing stage of rice. The rice variety used this experiment is Nong-rim 29. This experiment was conducted at the university farm of the Kon-Kuk University during the period of $1968{\sim}1970$. Three reprications for each of 12 treatments and split plot design were employed in this study. Bottomless wood square boxes, $1^m{\times}1^m{\times}1^m$, were burried in the test plot and box top was covered with poloyethylene sheets to avoid natural rainfall drops. Standard plots were irrigated continuously with a water depth of 40mm/day and those of drought treatments were irrigated continuously up to the beginning of the planned drought period, and they were irrigated again with a depth of 40mm/day up to the maturing stage of rice. Other methods for rice raising followed those methods developed by the Field Crops Experiment Station of the Office of Rural Development. During this experiments, climatic conditions in regard to rainfalls, sunshine hours, and temperatures were observed. According to this observation, those values measured deviate slightly from the annual means. However the growing condition of rice plants were normal. The pH value of irritation water is nearly neutral, and soils in the test plots are relatively fertile, being similar to ordinary paddy soils. Analysis of variances for number of stalks, plan-height, ear sprouting date, length of stalks, ear length, number of ears per plant, fertility, grain weitght, weight of plant, and yield were carried out. The variances for plant height, ear sprouting date, length of stalk ear length, and yield has statistical significance under drought treatments applied at three different growing stages. The variance showing the effect of lengths of drought period is highly significant for all the treatments studied except that of grain weight. The interaction between drought periods and drought treatments at different growing stages is significant for plant height, stalk length, ear length, number of ears, fertility and yield, these results indicated that droughts at different growing stages have influence on plant height, ear length, yield, and length of drought period also has strong influence on all factors studied except grain weight. The combination of drought treatments at different rice growing stages and lengths of drought periods has different effects on various agronomic characteristics, including yield. Plant height under drought treatment practiced at transplanting stage is the lowest, and drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting resulted in the least number of stalks. The effect of different lengths of drought periods on plant height and number of stalks depends signis ficantly on increasing days of drought. Ear sprouting date tends to be delayed for one or two days undedrought treatments at transplanting period and with increasing days of drought. Better yield is secured in drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting. Adverse effect war observed when drought treatment was applied at ear forming period. These effects may be attributed to the alternation of irrigation and drought causing vigorous root activity. In general, yield linearly decreases as the length of the drought period increases. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that, in order to mimimize damage due to drought, and, to save irrigation water, paddy fields, immediately after transplanting, may be not irrigated, since there is sufficient moisture in the soil, and that sufficient irrigation water should be applied again in the ear forming stage of rice plant.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate difference of the alexithymia between panic patients and normal controls by examination of the relationships between different components of the alexithymia construct and level of anxiety and depression in panic patients and normal controls. Methods The subjects were 167 patients who met DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder and 110 normal controls. They drew up symptom checklists and self-rating scales, and were measured by Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Panic attack & Agoraphobia(ADIS-P & A), Korean version of Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20K), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State & Trait (STAI-S & T), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Revised Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI-R). For statistical analysis, we performed t-test to compare the sociodemographic characteristics and the scores of self reported scales between panic patients and normal controls. Pearson correlation was performed between TAS-20K and it's subfactors, STAI-S & T, ASI-R and BDI in panic patients and normal controls. And stepwise multiple regression analysis was preformed to explain results of correlation analysis for alexithymia. Results: The panic patients reported more significant alexithymic (p<0.001), more difficulty identifying feeling (p<0.001) and describing feeling (p=0.001) than normal controls. Futhermore, panic patients were more significant anxious, sensitive to anxious feeling and depressive than normal controls. Moreover, the alexithymia of panic patients was explained by trait-anxiety $({\Delta}R^2=0.255)$ and anxiety sensitivity $({\Delta}R^2=0.062)$, that of normal controls was predicted by depression $({\Delta}R^2=0.144)$ and anxiety sensitivity $({\Delta}R^2=0.033)$ Conclusion: The panic patients reported more anxious and sensitive to anxious feeling, and these symptoms predict alexithymia in panic patients. However, the alexithymia of normal controls was explained by depression more than anxiety sensitivity, and such a result isn't consistent with previous studies and this may be mainly due to difference of the homogeneity in object of the studies.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2017

Objectives : Middle aged women with depression often experience hot flush symptoms. It is still unclear about the association between depression and hot flush symptoms. Therefore, we investigated hormonal profile, functional somatic symptoms, coping styles and attitude for menopause between depressed women with hot flush and those without hot flush. Methods : This study included 33 depressed patients with hot flush symptoms and 33 depressed patients without hot flush symptoms. Hot flush was confirmed through prospective daily symptom ratings for a week. Subjects' coping styles were assessed by the stress coping checklist. Somatic symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-15(PHQ-15). Sex hormonal levels were assayed by a radioimmunoassay. The Brief World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument(WHOQOL-BREF) was used to evaluate quality of life. Results : In coping style, depressed women with hot flush symptoms used less 'problem-centered coping'($13.15{\pm}3.17$) and 'search for social support'($11.83{\pm}2.84$) than those without hot flush symptoms($15.17{\pm}3.1$, p=0.028 ; $14.25{\pm}3.22$, p=0.009 ; respectively). Depressed women with hot flush symptoms showed more negative attitude toward post-menopause, but its statistical significance was marginally insufficient(p=0.059). We did not find any group differences in sex hormonal levels and somatic complaints assessed by the PHQ-15. The score of social relationship domain of WHOQOL-BREF was significantly lower in subjects with hot flush symptoms($8.62{\pm}2.04$) than subjects without hot flush symptoms($9.71{\pm}1.65$ ; p=0.044). Conclusions : Among middle aged women with depression, the manifestation of hot flush symptoms was associated with coping styles and attitude for menopausal transition. Hot flush symptoms in depressed women negatively influence quality of life, so clinicians actively perform therapeutic approach in case of depressed patients with hot flush symptoms. In case of depressed patients who present hot flushes, cognitive behavior therapy or stress management might be an effective treatment option in company with antidepressants or hormonal treatment. Later, longitudinal study will be needed to evaluate risk factor, cause and effect associated with hot flush and depression.