• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2007

We have evaluated and compared of gradient echo and spin echo EPI for compensating about deeply distortion aspect in case of post-operation patients in magnetic resonance image. A total of 100 patients were performed on 3.0 T(GE Signa Excite E2, USA) with 8ch head coil. As a result of analysis, The SNRs of whiter and gray matter areas were 36.74 $\pm$ 06 and 39.96 $\pm$ 09 in the gradient echo EPI, the SNRs which white and gray matter areas were slightly higher than gradient echo EPI(P<0.005, paired student t-test). It was 46.24 $\pm$ 11 and 51.38 $\pm$ 13 in gradient and spin echo EPI, respectively. The signal intensity in the whiter and gray matter areas also were 87.33 $\pm$ 15.24 and 140.66 $\pm$ 13.45 in the gradient echo EPI techniques, The signal intensity of gradient echo EPI showed higher values compared to spin echo EPI. Otherwise, gradient echo EPI technique is distortion enough to operation wound and edge of the image, while spin echo EPI technique did not appear almost. In this point, the spin echo EPI technique, after surgical operation according to patient state beside gradient echo EPI techniques that signalbeside gradient echo EPI techniques that signal intensity is high and patient's case which image distortion is serious by metal etc, will be provide the useful information in adults and pediatric patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.372-377
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• 2016

The objectives of the trial were to investigate the effects of supplementing vitamin E (VE) on nutrient digestion, nitrogen (N) retention and plasma parameters of beef cattle in feedlot. Four growing Simmental bulls, fed with a total mixed ration composed of corn silage and concentrate mixture as basal ration, were used as the experimental animals. Four levels of VE product, i.e. 0, 150, 300, 600 mg/head/d (equivalent to 0, 75, 150, 300 IU VE/head/d), were supplemented to the basal ration (VE content 38 IU/kg dry matter) in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design as experimental treatments I, II, III and IV, respectively. Each experimental period lasted 15 days, of which the first 12 days were for pretreatment and the last 3 days for sampling. The results showed that supplementing VE did not affect the nutrient digestibility (p>0.05) whereas decreased the urinary N excretion (p<0.01), increased the N retention (p<0.05) and tended to increase the microbial N supply estimated based on the total urinary purine derivatives (p = 0.057). Supplementing VE increased the plasma concentrations of VE, glucose and triglycerol (TG) (p<0.05) and tended to increase the plasma concentration of total protein (p = 0.096) whereas did not affect the plasma antioxidant indices and other parameters (p>0.05). It was concluded that supplementing VE up to 300 IU/head/d did not affect the nutrient digestibility whereas supplementing VE at 150 or 300 IU/head/d increased the N retention and the plasma concentrations of VE and TG (p<0.05) of beef cattle.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.883-895
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of a fatty acid-balanced oil, instead of soybean oil, on reproductive performance, nutrient digestibility, blood indexes, milk composition in lactating sows, and fecal microbial composition in piglets. Methods: Twenty-four sows (Landrace×Yorkshire, mean parity 4.96) were randomly allotted to two treatments with twelve pens per treatment and one sow per pen based on their backfat thickness and parity. The experiment began on day 107 of gestation and continued until weaning on day 21 of lactation, lasting for 28 days. The control group (CG) was fed a basal diet supplemented with 2% soybean oil and the experimental group (EG) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% fatty acid-balanced oil. Results: The fatty acid-balanced oil supplementation increased (p<0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy in sows. The lower (p<0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin levels of sows were observed in the EG on day 21 of lactation. Dietary supplementation with the fatty acid-balanced oil decreased the fat content, increased the immunoglobulin G level, and changed (p<0.05) some fatty acid content in milk. Moreover, the fatty acid-balanced oil supplementation changed (p<0.05) the fecal microbial composition of piglets, where the average relative abundance of Spirochaetota was decreased (p<0.05) by 0.55% at the phylum level, and the average relative abundance of some potentially pathogenic fecal microorganism was decreased (p<0.05) at the species level. Conclusion: The fatty acid-balanced oil improved nutrient digestibility, changed the serum biochemical indices and milk composition of sows, and ameliorated the fecal microbial composition of piglets.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1491-1498
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• 2021

Objective: This research was carried out to investigate the effects of corn particle size on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients fed to pigs at four different growth stages and therefore to provide basis for better application of corn in pig feeds. Methods: Eighteen weanling piglets, 18 growing barrows, 24 gestating sows and 24 lactating sows were used in this study. Within each stage, pigs were allotted to 1 of 3 or 4 corn-soybean meal diets which were formulated with different corn particle size in a completely randomized design with 6 replicate pigs per diet. Each stage lasted for 19 days, including 7 days for cages adaptation, 7 days for adaptation to diets and followed by 5 days for total collection of feces and urine. Results: For nursery and growing stages, the results showed that digestible energy content and ATTD of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was increased (p<0.05) as the corn particle size reduced. Meanwhile, the metabolizable energy content and ATTD of crude protein (CP) tended to increase. For gestating sows, no differences were found in the ATTD of nutrients among dietary treatments. As for lactating sows, there were linear and quadratic increases (p<0.05) in the ATTD of DM, GE, NDF as the corn being finer milled. Quadratic response in ATTD of ADF and CP (p<0.05) were observed as sows fed with four different diets. Conclusion: Reducing corn particle size can increase digestibility of nutrients fed to young pigs and lactating sows. No effects were observed in present experiment when gestating sows were fed with different particle sized corn.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1105-1115
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• 2015

Fifty 3-month-old male Tan lambs (similar in body weight) were divided into 5 groups to investigate the effects of different restricted pasture grazing times and indoor supplementation on the productive performances and fatty acid composition of the intramuscular fat in growing lambs. The lambs grazed for different periods of time (12 h/d, 8 h/d, 4 h/d, 2 h/d, and 0 h) and received various amounts of supplementary feedings during the 120-day trial. Pasture dry matter intake (DMI), total DMI, average daily gains and the live body weights of the lambs were measured during the experiment. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the study, their carcass traits were measured, and their longissimus dorsi muscles were sampled to analyze the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid profiles. The results indicated that the different durations of grazing and supplementary feedings affected the animal performances and the composition of fatty acids. Grazing for 8 h/d or 2 h/d with the corresponding supplementary concentrate resulted in lambs with higher body weights, carcass weights and IMF contents. Lambs with longer grazing times and less concentrate accumulated more healthy fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and had higher n-3/n-6 ratios. Overall, a grazing allowance of 8 h/d and the corresponding concentrate was recommended to maintain a high quantity and quality of lamb meat.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2019

Korean Trophic State Index ($TSI_{KO}$) was developed in 2006, and was composed of COD ($COD_{Mn}$ based on permanganate method), Chlorophyll a (Chl.a) and total phosphorus (TP). However, $COD_{Mn}$ usually represents only 50-60% of total organic matter in stream or lake water due to low oxidizing power of permanganate. This study investigated the relationship between TOC and $COD_{Mn}$ based on the average data for the whole layer in 81 lakes in Korea, during the period 2013-2017. As a result, $COD_{Mn}$ was found to be 1.54 times more than TOC in 66 of the freshwater lakes and 3 brackish lakes (TOC measured using thermo-oxidation method). TOC was about a quarter of $COD_{Mn}$ in 8 coastal lakes (TOC measured using UV-persulfate oxidation method), and it appeared to be underestimated due to chloride interference. Using the data of 69 lakes with exception of 12 brackish lakes, $TSI_{KO}$(TOC) was developed based on the correlation between TOC and $COD_{Mn}$, while $TSI_{KO}$(COD) was replaced with $TSI_{KO}$(TOC). However, for trophic state assessment of brackish lakes, the $TSI_{KO}$(TOC) can only be utilized in case that TOC is measured through thermo-oxidation method. The determination coefficient of $TSI_{KO}$(Chl) to $TSI_{KO}$(COD) in 66 freshwater lakes and 3 brackish lakes was 0.83, while that to $TSI_{KO}$(TOC) was 0.68. This difference could be attributed to the recalcitrant organic part of TOC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1787-1796
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of yellow dent corn sourced from different meteorological origins fed to growing pigs and develop equations to predict the DE and ME of yellow dent corn from southwestern China. Methods: Sixty crossbred barrows were allotted to 20 treatments in a triplicate 20×2 incomplete Latin square design with 3 replicated pigs per dietary treatment during 2 consecutive periods. Each period lasted for 12 days, and total feces and urine during the last 5 days of each period were collected to calculate the energy contents. Results: On dry matter (DM) basis, the DE and ME in 20 corn grain samples ranged from 15.38 to 16.78 MJ/kg and from 14.93 to 16.16 MJ/kg, respectively. Selected best-fit prediction equations for DE and ME (MJ/kg DM basis) for yellow dent corn (n = 16) sourced from southwestern China were as follows: DE = 28.58-(0.12×% hemicellulose)+(0.35×% ether extract)-(0.83×MJ/kg gross energy)+(0.20×% crude protein)+(0.49×% ash); ME = 30.42-(0.11×% hemicellulose)+(0.31×% ether extract)-(0.81×MJ/kg gross energy). Conclusion: Our results indicated that the chemical compositions, but not the meteorological conditions or physical characteristics could explain the variation of energy contents in yellow dent corn sourced from southwestern China fed to growing pigs.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

Purpose: To report the use of multiband accelerated echo-planar imaging (EPI) for resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) to achieve rapid high temporal resolution at 3T compared to conventional EPI. Materials and Methods: rs-fMRI data were acquired from 20 healthy right-handed volunteers by using three methods: conventional single-band gradient-echo EPI acquisition (Data 1), multiband gradient-echo EPI acquisition with 240 volumes (Data 2) and 480 volumes (Data 3). Temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) maps were obtained by dividing the mean of the time course of each voxel by its temporal standard deviation. The resting-state sensorimotor network (SMN) and default mode network (DMN) were estimated using independent component analysis (ICA) and a seed-based method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed between the tSNR map, SMN, and DMN from the three data sets for between-group analysis. P < 0.05 with a family-wise error (FWE) correction for multiple comparisons was considered statistically significant. Results: One-way ANOVA and post-hoc two-sample t-tests showed that the tSNR was higher in Data 1 than Data 2 and 3 in white matter structures such as the striatum and medial and superior longitudinal fasciculus. One-way ANOVA revealed no differences in SMN or DMN across the three data sets. Conclusion: Within the adapted metrics estimated under specific imaging conditions employed in this study, multiband accelerated EPI, which substantially reduced scan times, provides the same quality image of functional connectivity as rs-fMRI by using conventional EPI at 3T. Under employed imaging conditions, this technique shows strong potential for clinical acceptance and translation of rs-fMRI protocols with potential advantages in spatial and/or temporal resolution. However, further study is warranted to evaluate whether the current findings can be generalized in diverse settings.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1719-1724
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) content in total mixed ration (TMR) on dry matter intake, digestibility, and chewing activity in fattening Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) heifers. The experiment was designed as a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square using 12 heifers. Fattening heifers were offered one of three diets [high (T1), medium (T2), and low (T3) peNDF] obtained by different mixing times (3, 10, and 25 min) for the same TMR feed. The peNDF content of TMR was determined by multiplying the proportion of dry matter retained by a 1.18 mm-screen in a Penn State Particle Separator by the dietary NDF content. The $peNDF_{1.18}$ content was 30.36%, 29.20%, and 27.50% for the T1, T2, and T3 diets, respectively (p<0.05). Dry matter intake was not affected by peNDF content in TMR. Total weight gain in T1 group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in T2 and T3 groups. However, weight gain did not differ between T2 and T3 groups. The feed conversion ratio decreased with an increase in the peNDF content (T1: 12.18, T2: 14.17, and T3: 14.01 g/g). An increase in the peNDF content of TMR was associated with a linear increase in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber (p<0.05). Also, an increase in peNDF content of the TMR resulted in a linear increase in the number of chews in eating and ruminating (p<0.05), and consequently in the number of total chews (p<0.05). These results indicate that peNDF content affects digestibility and chewing activity. Consequently, the peNDF content of TMR should be considered for improving feed efficiency, digestibility, body weight gain, and performance in fattening heifers.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.7443-7450
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• 2014

본 연구는 높은 상향유속을 가지는 고율 혐기성 공정의 단점을 해결하고자 반응조의 구조개선을 통한 고율 혐기성 반응조의 성능평가를 실시하였다. 개선된 반응조는 반응조의 직경을 조절하여 반응조를 세부분으로 구분하여 제작하였다. 구조 변경된 반응조의 성능평가 결과, 반응조 하부의 단회로 및 고형물 축적현상과 미생물 유출을 방지하여 반응조 내 미생물을 안정적으로 유지할 수 있었다. 혐기성 소화 과정에서 반응조내 pH와 알카리도 상승은 유기물 분해과정 및 biogas의 일부 재용해에 의해 생성된 중탄산염에 기인한 것으로 판단되며, 높은 유기물 제거효율을 이루기 위해서는 HRT 9 hr 이상, 유기물 부하 $10.0kgTCODcr/m^3{\cdot}d$ 이하 범위로 운전하여야 한다. 혐기성 소화과정에서 발생하는 메탄가스는 유기물 부하 $7.7kgTCODcr/m^3{\cdot}d$ 이상에서 65~83 %의 높은 함량을 나타냈으며, CODcr 제거당 메탄 발생량은 $0.10{\sim}0.23m^3CH_4/kgCOD_{rem}.$으로 STP 상태의 이론적 메탄가스 발생량(0.35)보다 낮은 것으로 조사되었으며, 고율 혐기성 공정후단에 질소제거를 위한 고도처리 공정이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.